The spatial distribution of individual animals may both cause and be caused by intra- and/or interspecific interactions. This work aims primarily on effects of intraspecific interactions. Agonistic and unequally strong interactions among conspecifics should make the within-population distribution of individuals to be characterised by spatial avoidance of potentially risky conspecifics, according t

This study focuses on young male and female adults (n=290) who were diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD) during adolescence at the inpatient child and adolescent psychiatric unit in Lund, Sweden. Their adulthood is described using seven outcome variables: in custody, crime, illicit drug use, mental health, teenage parenthood, transference income and educational attainment. Together, the seven outc

Many pathogenic microorganisms evade host immunity through extensive sequence variability in a protein region targeted by protective antibodies. In spite of the sequence variability, a variable region commonly retains an important ligand-binding function, reflected in the presence of a highly conserved sequence motif. Here, we analyze the limits of sequence divergence in a ligand-binding region by

In the last two centuries, age at menarche has decreased in several European populations, whereas adult height has increased. It is unclear whether these trends have ceased in recent years or how age at menarche and height are related in individuals. In this study, the authors first investigated trends in age at menarche and adult height among 286,205 women from nine European countries by computin

UHMWPE crosslinked using Gamma radiation is believed to have improved wear properties, and this has been extensively studied during the past 10 years. Mechanical properties, oxidation, and wear properties of UHMWPE materials subjected to various thermal treatments have been investigated immediately after irradiation as well as after several years of aging. Nevertheless, the relationship between al

In this report we demonstrate an increase in the steady-state level of bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNA in rat calvaria and a rat osteosarcoma cell line (ROS 17/2.8) after treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. In contrast, 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced the amount of BSP mRNA in calvaria and inhibited the dexamethasone induction in ROS 17/2.8 cells. The increase in BSP mRNA is

The pseudo-Thellier technique was applied to recover relative palaeointensity (PT-RPI) estimates from four piston cores retrieved from a Holocene lake sediment sequence in the province of Smaland, central southern Sweden. A time-depth model between 11,000 and 450 cal BP was based on a combination of calibrated radiocarbon ages and the ages of established palaeomagnetic secular variation (PSV) feat

Organic farming has been suggested to counteract declines in farmland biodiversity, but comparisons to conventional farming have produced variable outcomes. To examine whether this is due to the landscape context farms are situated in and traits of the studied organisms, we surveyed bumble bees in cereal field borders and margins at 12 pairs of matched organic and conventional farms, with half the

Sometimes instances of perceived causation turn out to lack causal relata. The reasons may vary. Causation may display itself as prevention, or as omission, and in some cases causation occurs within such complex environments that few of the things we associate with causes and effects are true of them, etc. But even then, there may be causal explanations to be had. This suggests that the explanator

There is growing evidence that immune functions are linked to the regulation of body fat. Our studies of knockout mice indicate that both endogenous interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 can suppress mature-onset obesity. We now investigated whether four common polymorphisms of the IL6 and IL1 systems are associated with the fat mass measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in elderly men (n = 3

The interaction between composite colloidal particles composed of a spherical core and grafted AB-diblock polyampholytes (diblock copolymers with oppositely charged blocks) are investigated by using a coarse-grained model solved with Monte Carlo simulations. The B block is end-grafted onto the core of the colloid and its linear charge density is varied, whereas the linear charge density of the A b

We compute Poisson kernels for integer weight parameter standard weighted biharmonic operators in the unit disc with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The computations performed extend the supply of explicit examples of such kernels and suggest similar formulas for these Poisson kernels to hold true in more generality. Computations have been carried out using the open source computer algebra package

Conidia of Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium frequentans and sporangiospores of Rhizopus rhizopodiformis, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Mucor racemosus were subjected to partition in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. The partition behavior differed drastically between the conidia of the two Penicillium species and the sporangiospores of the three species of phycomycetes. This difference in parti

Transfer of embryos at the blastocyst stage has been associated with exceptionally high implantation rates. There are, however, only a few prospective randomized studies comparing day 3 versus day 5 embryo transfer. Furthermore, the number of embryos replaced in the day 3 group transfer is often higher than the number of blastocysts replaced, thereby affecting implantation rates. A total of 118 pa