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Assessment of the potential biomass supply in Europe using a resource-focused approach

This paper analyses the potential biomass Supply in the 15 EU countries (EU15), 8 new member states and 2 candidate countries (ACC10), plus Belarus and the Ukraine. The objective of this study is to make a more detailed assessment of the potential in Europe than previously undertaken. For this purpose five scenarios were designed to describe the short-, medium- and long-term potential of biomass f

Arginine Binding Motifs: Design and Synthesis of Galactose-Derived Arginine Tweezers as Galectin-3 Inhibitors.

Anionic O2 derivatives of methyl 3-deoxy-3-(4-methylbenzamido)-1-thio-beta- d-galactopyranoside have been synthesized as inhibitors against galectin-3. The sulfate, H-phosphonate, and benzyl phosphate derivatives showed an increased affinity as compared to the parent unsubstituted galactopyranoside. Modeling revealed arginine-144 being pinched by the C3 benzamide and O2 anionic substituents in tha

Effect of annealing on carrier density and Curie temperature in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As thin films

We report a clear correspondence between changes in the Curie temperature and carrier density upon annealing in epitaxially grown (Ga,Mn)As layers with thicknesses in the range between 5 and 20 nm. The changes are dependent on the layer thickness, indicating that the (Ga,Mn)As-GaAs interface has importance for the physical properties of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The magnetoresistance shows additional f

Deliberate Self-Harm in 14-Year-Old Adolescents: How Frequent Is It, and How Is It Associated with Psychopathology, Relationship Variables, and Styles of Emotional Regulation?

Abstract. Deliberate self-harm was studied in 14-year-old adolescents from four schools in southern Sweden with a test–retest design, using a nine-item version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. At Time 1, 40.2% of the adolescents indicated deliberate self-harm on at least one occasion compared with 36.5% at Time 2. Test–retest data showed high stability over periods of up to 2 months in durat

Solid state qubit quantum state tomography - art. no. 69030D

Solid state quantum computer hardware may be based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. The qubits can be encoded as nuclear spin states of an ensemble of, e.g., Pr3+ ions, randomly doped into a Y2SiO5 crystal. Two such qubits can control each other through the dipole blockade effect, and transfers between the two qubit states can be done at a high fidelity, despite the strongly inhomogeneous nature

Doppler-Free Laser Spectroscopy Measurements on a Ne Discharge for Determination of 22Ne-20Ne Isotope Shifts

We have used Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy, intermodulated fluorescence and intermodulated optogalvanic spectroscopy for measuring isotope shifts in 6 Ne lines connecting the 2p53s and 2p53p configurations. The measurements were performed on two different hollow cathodes. For the 5852, 5882, 5945, 5976, 6143 and 6164 A lines the 22Ne-20Ne isotope shift was found to be 2300(15), 1740(2), 1

Nitric oxide radicals in leucocytes and vaginal washes of Trichomonas vaginalis -infected symptomatic and asymptomatic women

The clinical spectrum of Trichomonas vaginalis infection varies from asymptomatic to mild, moderate or severe vaginitis. Nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen radicals produced by immune effector cells are important cytotoxic and cytostatic mediators against several microorganisms including parasites. In the present study, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen intermediat

Radiatively driven convection in ice-covered lakes: Observations, scaling, and a mixed layer model

Penetrative convection is discussed where the instability is driven by radiative heating of water below the temperature of maximum density. Convection of this type occurs in ice-covered freshwater lakes in late spring, when the snow cover vanishes and solar radiation is absorbed beneath the ice cover. The vertical temperature structure, bulk mixed layer scaling, and mixed layer deepening are exami

Transcriptional dynamics of the embryonic stem cell switch

Recent ChIP experiments of human and mouse embryonic stem cells have elucidated the architecture of the transcriptional regulatory circuitry responsible for cell determination, which involves the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. In addition to regulating each other through feedback loops, these genes also regulate downstream target genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation

CYP gene polymorphisms and early menarche

Early age at menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer. A previous study reported a significant positive association between the CYP3A4*1B variant allele and early puberty. We investigated whether polymorphisms of the CYP3A4, CYP17, CYP1B1, and CYP1A2 genes predict the age at onset of menarche. Five hundred eighty-three nulliparous women between ages 17 and 35, of various ethnic backgrounds, com

Tyrosinase-mediated formation of a reactive quinone from the depigmenting agents, 4-tert-butylphenol and 4-tert-butylcatechol

Exposure of the skin to certain phenols or catechols such as 4-tert-butylphenol (TBP) and 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) may cause leukoderma. These substances are used in the polymer industry and numerous cases have been reported. Several theories of the mechanism for chemical leukoderma have been suggested. In the present study, TBP and TBC are shown to be oxidised by tyrosinase. The oxidation of TB

Rat sciatic nerve regeneration through a micromachined silicon chip

The capacity of regenerating nerve fibres to grow through a perforated silicon chip was tested using the silicone chamber model for nerve regeneration. The chips were fabricated as circular membranes, 4 mm in diameter, thickness 60 microns, with a perforated area, 2 mm in diameter, in the centre. Three types of chips were fabricated utilizing anisotropic etching. The chips were glued with silicone

Coherent control of collective spontaneous emission in an extended atomic ensemble and quantum storage

Coherent control of collective spontaneous emission in an extended atomic ensemble resonantly interacting with single-photon wave packets is analyzed. A scheme for coherent manipulation of collective atomic states is developed such that superradiant states of the atomic system can be converted into subradiant ones and vice versa. Possible applications of such a scheme for optical quantum-state sto

Grade 3 ischemia on the admission electrocardiogram predicts rapid progression of necrosis over time and less myocardial salvage by primary angioplasty

Background: Among patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction, those with terminal QRS distortion (grade 3 ischemia) have higher mortality and larger infarct size (IS) than patients without QRS distortion (grade 2 ischemia). Methods: We assessed the relation of baseline electrocardiographic ischemia grades to area at risk (AR) and myocardial salvage [100 (AR - IS)/AR] in 79 patients who

Investigation of the bond strength between the photo-sensitive polymer SU-8 and gold

We present the results from a thorough investigation of the bond strength between the photo-polymer SU-8 and Au. The data were obtained by pull-test experiments, below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The different aspects that we investigated were: (i) the effect of using different adhesion promoters between the SU-8 and Au; (ii) the influence of the processing sequence, keeping e

Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: the EORTC 22845 randomised trial

Background Postoperative policies of "wait-and-see" and radiotherapy for low-grade glioma are poorly defined. A trial in the mid 1980s established the radiation dose. In 1986 the EORTC Radiotherapy and Brain Tumor Groups initiated a prospective trial to compare early radiotherapy with delayed radiotherapy. An interim analysis has been reported. We now present the long-term results. Methods After s

DNA analysis as a predictor of the outcome of induction chemotherapy in advanced head and neck carcinomas

We investigated whether flow cytometric DNA index and/or ploidy status are predictors of response to chemotherapy and survival. Fifty consecutive patients with previously untreated locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck received induction chemotherapy consisting of three courses of cisplatin (100 mg/m2) and a subsequent 120-hour infusion of fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 per 24 h

Depletion Interactions in Model Microemulsions

The effects of temperature changes and polymer addition on the behavior of droplet microemulsions of nonionic surfactant, water, and decane are reported and analyzed within polymer depletion theory. Dilution viscometry and dynamic light scattering were used to confirm that these microemulsions behave essentially as hard-sphere dispersions, providing us with an ideal reference system. Addition of p