Including Protest Voices in the Place Branding Process: Towards a Typology of Anti-Tourism Movements’ Communication in Recent Years
This study explores the online communication strategies of anti-tourism movements to evaluate their potential contributions to place branding—a topic that has received limited scholarly attention. While prior research often views such movements as antagonistic to place branding efforts, we challenge this assumption. Through an analysis of nine movements across five countries, we apply the typology
