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The process ${⤪ e}^{+}{⤪ e}^{-}⌝ghtarrow {⤪ W}^{+}{⤪ W}^{-}⌝ghtarrow {⤪ f}_{1}{⩈erline {⤪ f}}_{2}{⤪ f}_{3}{⩈erline {⤪ f}}_{4}$ contains charges in the initial, intermediate and final stages. This gives a rich selection of possible QED interconnection effects. Coulomb interaction is the simplest of these, and can thus be used to explore consequences. We study a number of experimental observables, w
The hydrogen bonds of the imidazolium-ring H atoms of ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amides ([Cnmim][TFSA], n = 2 to 12 where n represents the alkyl chain length), with the O atom of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been elucidated using 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy and soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy (XAS and XES). Density functiona
Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been performed on the N K-edge of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C 2 mim][TFSA]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C 2 mim][Br]), to clarify the electronic structures of the ILs. Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) has also been applied to the ILs by excitation at va
