Ytan av alla celler är dekorerad med kolhydrater som står för mycket av den information en cell överför till omgivande celler. Många av kolhydraterna tillhör en föreningsklass som kallas proteoglykaner som består av ett protein sammanbundet med en eller flera långa kolhydratkedjor. Dessa kolhydratkedjor kallas glykosaminoglykaner och är bundna till proteinet via kolhydraten xylos. Än så länge har β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are important macromolecules involved in many biological processes such as cell growth and cell signaling as well as in cancer pathobiology and viral and bacterial infections. Despite its pivotal role, much is still unknown regarding the specific structure of

Purpose: The technocratic and medicalized model of healthcare is rarely optimal for patients. By connecting two different studies we explore the possibilities of increasing quality of life in cancer care.Methods: The first study captures survival strategies in a historically isolated Arctic village in Norway resulting in Momentary contentment theory, which emerged from analysing four years of part

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the onset of AD pathogenesis. Alterations in endosomes are among the earliest changes associated with AD but the mechanism(s) that cause endosome enlargement and the effects of MVB dysfunction on Aβ accumulation and tau pathology are incompletely understood.METHODS: MVB size and Aβ fibrils i

Many insects rely on vision to find food, to return to their nest and to carefully control their flight between these two locations. The amount of information available to support these tasks is, in part, dictated by the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of their visual systems. Here, we investigate the absolute limits of these visual properties for visually guided position and speed con

The limited available treatment options for patients with chronic lung diseases, such as fibrosis, lead to poor prognosis after diagnosis and short survival rates. An exciting new bioengineering approach utilizes de- and recellularization of lung tissue to potentially overcome donor organ shortage and immune reactions toward the received transplant. The goal of decellularization is to create a sca

Lung diseases belong the major causes of death worldwide. Recent innovative methodological developments now allow more and more for the use of primary human tissue and cells to model such diseases. In this regard, the review covers bronchial air-liquid interface cultures, precision cut lung slices as well as ex vivo cultures of explanted peripheral lung tissue and de-/re-cellularization models. Di

While child labour has always been an important part of the industrial revolutionstory, there is little quantitative evidence about the number of child workers in the1740–1850 period. This article estimates trends in the percentage of the agriculturalday-labouring workforce that were children. By using the wage level to identify childworkers, it is possible to estimate child labour for a large sam

This article argues that the Roman poet Ovid in his Metamorphoses invented the apotheosis of Hersilia into the goddess Hora as a way to flatter the empress Livia. There are compelling parallels between the words used to describe Hersilia and Livia in Ovid’s poetry. Furthermore, Hersilia was, according to the legend, a Sabine woman who married Romulus, the founder of Rome. Livia was born into the C

Softwood bark contains a large amounts of extractives—i.e., soluble lipophilic (such as resin acids) and hydrophilic components (phenolic compounds, stilbenes). The effects of the partial removal of water-soluble extractives before acid-catalyzed steam pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility were assessed for two softwood barks—Norway spruce and Scots pine. A simple hot water extraction step remov

The carbon dioxide embodied in Chinese exports to developed countries increased rapidly from 1995 to 2008. We test the extent to which institutional reforms in China can explain this increase. We focus on five areas of reforms: trade liberalization, environmental institutions, legal and property rights, institutional risk and exchange rate policy. Our results show that trade liberalization, weak eThe carbon dioxide embodied in Chinese exports to developed countries increased rapidly from 1995 to 2008. We test the extent to which institutional reforms in China can explain this increase. We focus on five areas of reforms: trade liberalization, environmental institutions, legal and property rights, institutional risk and exchange rate policy. Our results show that trade liberalization, weak e

Nationalekonomiska institutionen delar Finansinspektionens oro för hushållens höga skuldsättning och de negativa effekter dessa kan få på samhällsekonomin i framtiden. Institutionen ställer sig emellertid inte bakom förslaget om ett skärpt amorteringskrav. Hushållens växande skulder är orsakade av låga räntor Amorteringskravet är förvisso en metod för att motverka de låga räntornas effekt på skuld

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.METHODS: We u

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measure

BACKGROUND: As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195