Trots tydlig rättspraxis och en stark politisk vilja att säkra rätten för varje enskild eller företag som lidit skada vid brott mot EU:s konkurrensregler – i synnerhet artiklarna 101 och 102 Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt (EUF) - att kunna söka kompensation, så har det konkurrensrättsliga skadeståndet inte fått något större genomslag. Europakommissionen (”Kommissionen”) har med andDespite the clear view of the European Commission (“the Commission”) and the European Court of Justice (“the ECJ”) that any citizen or business suffering harm following a breach of the EU competition rules - in particular Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Market (TFEU) - should be able to obtain damages from the infringing party, to this date, damages have only

The reliability of energy supply is crucial for the well-being of individuals and the prosperityof countries. At the same time, energy production is closely connected to CO2 emissions,which is believed to have an important impact on human-induced global warming. In light ofresultant, partly counteracting challenges, energy efficiency has gained increasing attention as ameans of ensuring energy sup

Att bedriva yrkesmässig verksamhet med uppfödning och träning av hästar som huvudsaklig syssla har blivit vanligt förekommande. Liksom för all yrkesmässig verksamhet, behöver ett företag som arbetar med hästar nå upp till en viss ekonomisk nivå för att anses vara näringsdrivande och inte klassas som hobbyverksamhet. Dessa krav kan vara svåruppnåeliga för en hästföretagare, vilket ofta beror på attIn Sweden the Consumer Sales Act (Konsumentköplagen 1990:932) is applied on sales of movables, when the seller is a businessman and the buyer is a consumer. The law was modified in 2002 after an EU-initiated directive - Directive on the Sales of Consumer Goods and Associated Guarantees (1999/44/EC). The directive applies to all member states in the EU and sets out the minimum level of consumer pro

The mass production of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is expected to start in the coming years. Climate change, peak oil and the automotive and economic crisis have put a significant pressure on the current transportation regime. Increasing urbanisation, range and efficiency advantages of PEVs in city traffic and the problem of urban air pollution have moved cities into the focus of PEV dissemin

The author of this thesis wishes to contribute to transitions towards more sustainable energy systems in Argentina. In order to do so, two objectives are established. The first one refers to increasing the understanding of the transitions taken place at the local level within energy supply systems in Sweden. The second objective is to increase the understanding of the conditions that need to be in

Over the last decade the music festival sector grew enormously: in 2008 over a million festivalgoers gathered in the UK to share music and companionship. However in doing so musicfestivals generate large volumes of waste streams and consume large quantities of resources. Amusic festival of more than 40 000 people will produce in the order of 2000 tons of CO2e –with audience transportation and on s

Increased energy efficiency is identified as a key strategy to tackle three energy-relatedchallenges (energy security, climate change and economic development) with low trade-offsand huge win-win opportunities. Energy service contracting represents an instrument of thedemand side energy management that enables cost-effective energy savings. However, theinstrument implementation is many times hinde

The wastewater sector provides water sanitation to populations in order to preserve humanhealth and the natural environment. In developed countries, due among others to increasingpressures coming from climate change and population growth, the wastewater treatment isaffected and needs to adapt to such changes. As a result, effluent requirements arebecoming more stringent, nutrients and organic remo

De negativa effekter som korruption har på såväl enskilda nationer som det globala samhället i helhet är kända och väl dokumenterade. Ändå betalas uppskattningsvis tusen miljarder amerikanska dollar varje år i mutor över hela världen och både individer och organisationer erkänner att de begått korrupta handlingar. Intresset för att bekämpa korruption har ökat väsentligt under senare år, både på nThe negative effects that corruption has on both individual nations and the global society as a whole are known and well documented. Still, an estimated one trillion US dollars (US $1.000 billion) is paid each year in bribes worldwide and both individuals and organizations testify to engaging in corrupt behavior. The interest in fighting corruption has grown significantly in recent years, both i

This thesis has two values. On one side, it aims at being a contribution to a betterunderstanding of the original concept of distributed economies. On the other side, it aspires atproviding useful decision criteria to those stakeholders that plan to locally develop a biogassystem.This thesis is developed from the Distributed Economies concept, which envisionsdecentralized, self-reliant and synergi

I ett antal år har EU-domstolen fått ta ställning till den potentiella konflikt som existerar mellan EU-rätten och reglerna inom WTO. En särskilt uppmärksammad fråga är huruvida WTO-reglerna kan ge upphov till direkt effekt inom EU:s rättssystem, dvs. att de kan åberopas av individer i medlemsländernas domstolar. EU-domstolen har bedömt att WTO-reglerna generellt inte kan ge upphov till direkt effFor a number of years, the European Court of Justice has had to deal with the potential conflict between the law of the European Union and the law of the World Trade Organization. One issue that has gained particular interest is the question of whether the rules of the WTO give rise to direct effect within the EU legal system, meaning that they can be invoked by individuals in the courts of EU Mem

Passage & Byggteknik AB is a privately held company founded in 1992 with offices in Landskrona. The activity manifests itself through the automatic system for doors and gates, automatic barriers and servicing of these. The company has had problems with the signal transmission for safety edges on automatic sliding gates during the winter in which photocells are used. Weather condition with larg

Under de senaste åren har incitamentsprogram har blivit ett allt vanligare tillvägagångssätt för att kompensera bolagsledningar. Vanligtvis består programmen av en blandning av fasta och rörliga ersättningar som kan baseras på kontanta och aktierelaterade incitament. Den ökade användningen av incitamentsprogram kan förklaras genom agentteorin. Enligt teorin kan principalen styra agentens handlanDuring the last decades incentive programs have become increasingly more popular in terms of rewarding top-management. Ordinarily the schemes consist of a mix of fixed and variable pay, which may be based on either monetary or stock-related incentives. The augmented use of incentive schemes may be explained by agency theory. The theory provides that a principal may control the behavior of an agen

Four problem areas with FrontPac‟s previous cost estimation system were identified. First, only a few properly skilled employees are actually able to perform cost estimations due to the system‟s user requirements. Second, salespersons cannot estimate the cost for orders by themselves which significantly increases the time to approximate price in the sales process. Third, neither can they perform s

Denna uppsats behandlar kopplingen mellan prisutvecklingen på Stockholms bostadsmarknad och den demografiska åldersfördelningen. Den bygger på en kvantitativ analys av de utbuds- och efterfrågerelaterade faktorer som påverkar bostadspriserna. Uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka hur samspelet mellan dessa faktorer under de senaste 20 åren påverkat prisutvecklingen. Detta i syfte att försöka vikta dessa f

In September 2010, following the national elections, the Swedish Democrats (SD) made their entry in to the Swedish Parliament. Accordingly, many argued that the European right-wing trend had eventually reached Sweden. This thesis stems from the assumption that SD is being frequently alienated in Swedish media. On the basis of theories treating power and identity construction, I argue that the ali

Sammanfattning Inom koncerner kan det vara en betydande fördel att kunna resultatutjämna mellan bolagen. Olika länder har olika regelsystem för att möjliggöra resultatutjämning. Utöver de nationella lagstiftningarna måste varje medlemsland inom unionen ta hänsyn till EU-rätten. EU-domstolen kommer löpande med nya avgöranden där medlemsstaternas lagar anses vara förenliga eller oförenliga med EU-räSummary Within groups of companies there might be a considerable advantage if there is a possibility to neutralize the result between the companies. Different countries have, to make neutralization of the results possible, various legislation. In addition to the national legislations, every member of the Union has to take EU-Law into consideration. The Court of Justice of the European Union is cur

Triple helix concept is old and well applicable in developed nations but in developing countries it is not so old and hardly applicable. It consisted on three basic elements of regional innovation system which includes government, universities and industry. Rather then taking regional innovation system as a whole now a day more emphasis is on these three key elements because of their great importa