Purpose: To study pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam (LEV) during pregnancy, delivery, lactation, and in the neonatal period. Methods: Fourteen women with epilepsy receiving LEV treatment during pregnancy and lactation contributed with 15 pregnancies to this prospective study in which LEV concentrations in plasma and breast milk were determined. Trough maternal plasma samples were collected each tr

OBJECTIVE: In heart failure, digitalis increases exercise capacity and reduces morbidity, but has no effect on survival. This raises the suspicion that the inotropic benefits of digitalis may be counteracted by serious adverse effects. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were studied to clarify this. DESIGN: In the Stroke Prevention using an ORal Thrombin Inhibitor in atrial Fibrillation (SPORT

Degeneration of smooth muscle cells in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic lesions is an important factor in plaque rupture. Recent studies have suggested that many plaque cells are in a process of apoptosis as determined by positive deoxyribonucleotide-transferase-mediated dUTP end labeling. In this study, we demonstrate the existence of a colocalization between deoxyribonucleotide-transferase-med

Background: The national programs for the harmonization of hemoglobin (Hb)A(1c) measurements in the US [National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)], Japan [Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC)], and Sweden are based on different designated comparison methods (DCMs). The future basis for international standardization will be the reference system

For disease-free postmenopausal women with hormone-responsive breast cancer, a risk for relapse remains following 5 years of adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen. Additional therapy with tamoxifen beyond 5 years is not indicated due to a demonstrated lack of efficacy beyond this time frame. Thus, there is a need for other endocrine therapy options in the period beyond 5 years. The third-generation arom

Sertraline and paroxetine are frequently prescribed SSRIs for long-term treatment of major depression. Nevertheless, continuous follow-ups of drug concentrations prevailing in patients during the whole treatment period are not available. Hence, in a large phase IV clinical trial, a total of 353 patients with major depression were enrolled for a 6-month comparison of sertraline (50-150 mg daily) an

The concentrations of dioxins in fish oil and fish meal were determined with accelerated solvent extraction, using a novel integrated carbon fractionation extraction cell followed by a miniturized multilayer silica column and bioanalysis on a recently-developed chemically-activated fluorescent gene expression cell bioassay. The developed method allows for simultaneous gravimetric lipid weight dete

The PDE3 enzymes or "low Kin cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterases" have long been established as important mediators of cellular physiology, and synthetic PDE3 inhibitors have been critical to the delineation of the enzymes' roles. Yet despite decades of progress on the biology of these enzymes, the medicinal chemistry landscape relating to PDE3 inhibitors has remained essentially unchanged since the

Chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of oleic acid (OA) and its methyl ester has been performed using hydrogen peroxide and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym(R) 435). The purpose of the study was to characterize the reaction under solvent-free conditions. The reaction temperature had a significant impact on epoxidation of OA. At lower temperatures, the substrate conversion was hindered by

The authors show a magnetoresistive effect that appears in a lithographically shaped, three-arm nanostructure fabricated from ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As layers. The effect, related to a rearrangement of magnetic domain walls between different pairs of arms in the structure, is revealed as a dependence of zero-field resistance on the direction of the previously applied magnetic field. This effect coul

This study investigates whether intravitreal administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) enhances survival of NeuN positive retinal cells in a porcine model of retinal ischemia. 16 pigs were subjected to an ischemic insult where intraocular pressure was maintained at 5 mmHg below mean arterial blood pressure for 2 h. The mean IOP during the ischemic insult was 79.5 mmHg (s

Clearance of the amyloid-P peptide (A beta) as a remedy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major target in on-going clinical trials. In vitro studies confirmed that A beta is taken up by rodent astrocytes, but knowledge on human astrocyte-mediated A beta clearance is sparse. Therefore, by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we evaluated the binding and internaliza

Exocytosis occurs via fusion of secretory granules with the cell membrane, whereupon the granule content is at least partially released and the granule membrane is temporarily added to the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is balanced by compensatory endocytosis to achieve net equilibrium of the cell surface area and to recycle and redistribute components of the exocytosis machinery. The underlying mole

Lake Poopó in Bolivia is a large, extremely shallow lake. The lake surface area is ≈3000 km2 at its spill-over level, although it could dry out at times. The lake water level varies with the regional rains and with the water inflow from the Desaguadero River. This study focuses on using and comparing three different approaches to determine the hypsographic curve for the lake. As the lake is extrem

SETTING: Addis Ababa Tuberculosis Demonstration and Training Center, Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of drug resistance among re-treatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), to determine the risk factors associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB, and to propose re-treatment regimens based on the patterns of susceptibility to first-line and alternative drugs. DESIGN: One hundr

We report on calculations of the elastic cross section and thermalization rate for collision between two maximally spin-polarized chromium atoms in the cold and ultracold regimes, relevant to buffer-gas and magneto-optical cooling. We calculate ab initio potential-energy curves for Cr-2 and the van der Waals coefficient C-6, and construct interaction potentials between two colliding Cr atoms. We e

Room temperature deposition of Sn on Cu(100) gives rise to a rich variety of surface reconstructions in the submonolayer coverage range. In this work, we report a detailed investigation on the phases appearing and their temperature stability range by using low-energy electron diffraction and surface X-ray diffraction. Previously reported reconstructions in the submonolayer range are p(2 x 2) (for

Light-driven electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis in chloroplasts. While the nature of the coupling and the structures of key components are now known, there has long been disagreement over pathways of electron transport. Recent results now put an old idea back on the agenda -cyclic electron transport around photosystem 1.