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Changes in the extracellular levels of glutamate and aspartate during ischemia and hypoglycemia. Effects of hypothermia

Hypothermia (33°C) dramatically diminishes ischemic but not hypoglycemic brain damage. The beneficial effects of hypothermia in ischemia have been partly attributed to a reduction in the ischemia-induced increase in synaptic levels of glutamate or aspartate. With the microdialysis technique, we studied the effects of hypothermia (33°C) on the brain extracellular levels of glutamate and aspartate d

Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury : 1998

The mechanisms underlying secondary or delayed cell death following traumatic brain injury are poorly understood. Recent evidence from experimental models suggests that widespread neuronal loss is progressive and continues in selectively vulnerable brain regions for months to years after the initial insult. The mechanisms underlying delayed cell death are believed to result, in part, from the rele

Regional selective neuronal degeneration after protein phosphatase inhibition in hippocampal slice cultures : Evidence for a MAP kinase-dependent mechanism

The regional selectivity and mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA) were investigated in hippocampal slice cultures. Image analysis of propidium iodide-labeled cultures revealed that okadaic acid caused a dose- and time- dependent injury to hippocampal neurons. Pyramidal cells in the CA3 region and granule cells in the dentate gyr

Sublethal in vitro glucose-oxygen deprivation protects cultured hippocampal neurons against a subsequent severe insult

Rat and gerbil hippocampus exposed to a sublethal period of ischemia becomes resistant to a subsequent period of lethal ischemia induced several days later, a phenomenon referred to as ischemic preconditioning. Here we describe ischemic preconditioning induced in vitro in cultured hippocampal neurons. Mixed neuroglial hippocampal cell cultures of 14-17 DIV were exposed to a combined glucose and ox

High resolution immunogold analysis reveals distinct subcellular compartmentation of protein kinase Cγ and δ in rat Purkinje cells

High resolution immunogold cytochemistry was used to investigate the subcellular distribution of protein kinase Cγ and δ in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum. Postembedding incubation with an antibody raised to a peptide sequence near the C-terminus of protein kinase Cγ resulted in strong labelling along the dendrosomatic plasma membrane. A quantitative analysis indicated that this labelling re

Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia

It has been shown that changes in body core temperature several hours after a transient ischemic insult affect neuronal survival. We report that body core temperature in normal rats fluctuates over a 24-h period, while in rats subjected to 10 min transient ischemia induced by occlusion of the common carotid arteries in combination with hypotension, body temperature persistently increases to above

Induction of junD mRNA after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Effect of hypothermia

The expression of junD was studied in the rat hippocampus by in situ hybridization after 15 min of normothermic (37°C) and hypothermic (33°C) transient forebrain ischemia. Ischemia was induced by common carotid artery occlusion combined with hypotension leading to damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus which was prevented by hypothermia junD mRNA was induced in the hippocampus within 2 h of r

Fieldwork in Grey Zones : A case study on organ trafficking in the Philippines

In this chapter I present a multi-sited fieldwork set in the Philippines that examines trade in organs from living individuals. The organ commerce generally involves organs harvested from living persons. Since humans have two kidneys and can survive with one, it is primarily kidneys that are transplanted, but also illegally traded. Here, my focus is solely on kidney transplantation. The ambition i

Development of stable haploid strains and molecular genetic tools for Naumovozyma castellii (Saccharomyces castellii)

The budding yeast Naumovozyma castellii (syn. Saccharomyces castellii) has been included in comparative genomics studies, functional analyses of centromere DNA elements, and was shown to possess beneficial traits for telomere biology research. To provide useful tools for molecular genetic approaches, we produced stable haploid heterothallic strains from an early ancestral strain derived from the N

Subcellular distribution and autophosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II-α in rat hippocampus in a model of ischemic tolerance

A brief period of sublethal ischemia induces resistance to a subsequent, otherwise lethal, ischemic insult, a process named ischemic tolerance or preconditioning. A persistently disturbed cell signaling during reperfusion after cerebral ischemia has been proposed to contribute to ischemic cell death. Here, we report on the effect of ischemic preconditioning on the levels of the regulatory α-subuni

Increased survival of embryonic nigral neurons when grafted to hypothermic rats

Hypothermia can reduce neuronal death caused by ischemia and traumatic brain injury. We therefore investigated whether mild hypothermia in rats receiving a transplant of embryonic mesencephalic rat tissue increases survival of the implanted dopaminergic neurons. Mild hypothermia (32-33°C) during graft implantation and for the following 90 min significantly increased the survival of transplanted do

The effect of α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) on free radical formation in transient focal ischaemia measured by microdialysis and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate formation

α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) reduces infarct size, improves recovery of brain energy metabolism and delays the secondary increase in extracellular potassium after focal ischaemia, presumably by trapping OH radicals. We investigated the effect of PBN on the formation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) as a measure of OH radical formation, during and following middle cerebral artery occlus

There's more to the multimedia effect than meets the eye : is seeing pictures believing?

Textbooks in applied mathematics often use graphs to explain the meaning of formulae, even though their benefit is still not fully explored. To test processes underlying this assumed multimedia effect we collected performance scores, eye movements, and think-aloud protocols from students solving problems in vector calculus with and without graphs. Results showed no overall multimedia effect, but i

A Subgaleal Hematoma That Turned Out to Be a B-Cell Lymphoma

Background Subgaleal masses are relatively common in the clinical praxis, and after a trauma to the head, a subgaleal hematoma is usually suspected. However, other differential diagnoses, such as malignant tumors, should be kept in mind despite a history of a previous trauma. Case description and Conclusions We report a case of a subgaleal mass that was clinically and radiologically diagnosed as a

A novel RHCE*02 allele, containing the single-nucleotide change c.460A>G, encodes weakened expression of C and e antigens

We report a novel RHCE*02 allele in a Swedish blood donor that is characterized by the change c.460A>G (Arg154Gly). The blood donor's red blood cells showed variable reactivity with different monoclonal anti-C and anti-e and antigen strength was markedly weakened. We believe that these changes represent both a quantitative and qualitative alteration of the antigens encoded by this allele.

Versican accumulates in vascular lesions in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal condition for which there is no effective curative pharmacotherapy. PAH is characterized by vasoconstriction, wall thickening of pulmonary arteries, and increased vascular resistance. Versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the vascular extracellular matrix that accumulates following vascular injury and promotes smooth-muscle cell prolife

New method to quantify contribution to aerosol particles from new particle formation : Comparison with traditional method at Vavihill background field station in Sweden

Aerosol particles exist in the atmosphere in large concentrations and have significant global climate effects. New particle formation is an aerosol particle source and, to date, its contribution to the total aerosol concentration in the atmosphere is not fully understood. This study focuses on the extension of new particle formation events that begin in Lille Valby, Denmark and travel over 70 km t