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Factors influencing pilot-injection combustion were investigated using heat release analysis in a heavy-duty diesel engine fuelled with standard diesel fuel. Combinations of pilot-injection parameters i.e. pilot start of injection, pilot mass, pilot-main injection separation, and rail pressure were studied for various operating conditions and combustion phases. An experiment was designed to invest
The concept of double compression, and double expansion engine (DCEE) for improving the efficiency of piston reciprocating engines was introduced in SAE Paper 2015-01-1260. This engine configuration has separate high, and low pressure units thereby effectively reducing friction losses for high effective compression ratios. The presence of an additional expander stage also theoretically allows an e
Diesel engine manufacturers strive towards further efficiency improvements. Thus, reducing in-cylinder heat losses is becoming increasingly important. Understanding how location, thermal insulation, and engine operating conditions affect the heat transfer to the combustion chamber walls is fundamental for the future reduction of in-cylinder heat losses. This study investigates the effect of a 1mm-
GENERAL AIM: To investigate prognostic markers identifying smokers with increased risk of smoking-related diseases in the population. BACKGROUND: Gene variance in the BDNF- respectively CHRNA-gene has been implicated in different smoking behaviours and the risk alleles have also demonstrated an additional risk increase of smoking-related diseases. The Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) is a cancer b
Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is a promising combustion concept ,based on judicious tuning of the charge stratification, to meet the increasing demands of emission legislation and to improve fuel efficiency. Longer ignition delays of PPC in comparison with conventional diesel combustion provide better fuel/air mixture which decreases soot and NOx emissions. Moreover, a proper injection timin
In a previous study, in order to investigate the effect of charge stratification on combustion behavior such as combustion efficiency and combustion phasing which also largely affects the emissions, an experiment was conducted in a heavy-duty compression ignition (CI) metal engine. The engine behavior and emission characteristics were studied in the transition from HCCI mode to PPC mode by varying
New optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages show that sandy deposits overlain by Late Weichselian subglacial till in central Latvia are of Early to Middle Weichselian age. The finer chronological resolution of unconsolidated sediment deposition in the Central Latvian Lowland (CLL) remains relatively unstudied, and here we provide a first characterisation of the deposits with respect to their
In complex biological systems (e.g. gels, cross-linked proteins and biological tissues), the longitudinal spin relaxation of water protons is primarily induced by exchange-mediated orientational randomization (EMOR) of intra- and intermolecular magnetic dipole-dipole couplings. The chemical exchange processes that dominate the magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) typically occur on a time scale of
Varför använder män våld mot kvinnor som de inlett en kärleksrelation med och hur förklaras detta våld av de män som utövar dessa handlingar? Dessa frågor är centrala i detta kapitel där våldsutövande män begripliggör det våld som de använt mot sina tidigare eller aktuella partners. Analysen bygger på intervjuer med män som påbörjat behandling på grund av att de använt våld i nära relationer. I ka
This paper explores the changing meanings and understandings of the concept of care in parenting support policies in Sweden since the 1990s. Caring responsibilities and practices has historically been framed and negotiated within general family policy reforms, comprising universal child allowances and generous parental leave schemes combined with publicly funded childcare, in turn closely related Åsa LundqvistProfessor in SociologyDepartment of SociologyLund UniversitySwedenAsa.Lundqvist@soc.lu.seAbstractCapable to Care? Parenting Support Policies and the Changing Concept of Care This paper explores the changing meanings and understandings of the concept of care in parenting support policies in Sweden since the 1990s. Caring responsibilities and practices has historically been framed and n
The electronic structure and excited state properties of a series of iron carbene photosensitizers are elucidated through a combination of X-ray absorption measurements and density functional theory calculations. The X-ray absorption spectra are discussed with regard to the unusual bonding environment in these carbene complexes, highlighting the difference between ferrous and ferric carbene comple
Through a salt metathesis reaction, ( t-BuPCN)Pd-ONO2 (2) was prepared and used as a precursor for producing ( t-BuPCN)Pd-OH (3) and ( t-BuPCN)Pd-aryl acetylide complexes 4 (phenyl acetylide) and 5 (p-tolyl acetylide). The aryl acetylide complexes could also be prepared through another synthetic route: by condensation of 3 with the corresponding aryl acetylene. The reactivity of complexes 3 and 4
A microfluidic platform combined with synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used for monitoring the continuous production of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Their production was fast and started to evolve within less than 0.43 s of contact between the lipids and the aqueous phase. To obtain nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, it was important to use a modified hydrodynamic
Vi föreställer oss en metallstav som hettats upp till en, låt oss säga inhomogen,temperatur. Vi föreställer oss också att staven är isolerad runtom, men inte iändpunkterna. Om vi sänker ned staven i en stor bassäng med nollgradigt vattenså kommer termisk energi att lämna staven genom dess ändar. Därmed svalnarstaven, och till slut kommer den att ha samma temperatur som den omgivandebassängen.Om viThis thesis considers differentiation of non-negative, fractional order, composed with Hardy spacetypeHankel operators. H2-boundedness is characterized in terms of a reproducing kernel thesis.The setting of operator-valued symbols is considered, in which H2-boundedness is characterized interms of Carleson embeddings, provided that the order of differentiation is strictly positive. Somenew results
Sweden has gained worldwide reputation for its family friendly policies and the high share of women in paid employment. This book points to the particular importance of early activation policies in the increase of women’s paid employment and in changing gender and family relations. It explores how the activation of women into paid work actually was accomplished: On what ideational grounds, and usi
The need for more functionality and higher performance has increased the number of transistors to billions in current processors. A high number of transistors on the same chip area increases the power density, which in turn heats up the devices and lowers the life time of batteries. The increasing demand for devices relying on battery and harvested energies in the Internet of Things (IoT) era has
Selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM-MS) -based semi-quantitation was performed to assess the validity of 46 selected candidate proteins for specifically diagnosing large-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma (LCNEC) and differentiating it from other lung cancer subtypes. The scaling method was applied in this study using specific SRM peak areas (AUCs) derived from the endogenous refer
