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In 2007 more than a quarter (26%) of the South African adult population was functionally illiterate. As a result many non-profit organisations (NPOs) in South Africa strive to raise adult literacy levels. Adult illiteracy leads to problems such as, amongst others, high levels of unemployment, poverty and crime.Most NPOs do not practice strategic communication management to build strong, lasting an
The aim of this article is to determine how human interventions in upstream countries coupled with drought events are affecting the flow regime of downstream countries using the Nile River basin for illustrative purposes. This has been addressed by assessing climate change in the study area through analyses of precipitation data obtained from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and
Axonal degeneration, which contributes to functional impairment in several disorders of the nervous system, is an important target for neuroprotection. Several individual factors and subcellular events have been implicated in axonal degeneration, but researchers have so far been unable to identify an integrative signaling pathway activating this self-destructive process. Through pharmacological an
Dark states are eigenstates or steady states of a system that are decoupled from the radiation. Their use, along with associated techniques such as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, has extended from atomic physics, where it is an essential cooling mechanism, to more recent versions in the condensed phase where it can increase the coherence times of qubits. These states are often discussed in th
AIMS: The main aim of this study was to assess dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and airway exposure to PAHs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene and 1,3-butadiene), and particles among firefighters (FFs) and police forensic investigators (PFIs) in Sweden. METHODS: Active (pump with a filter and sorbent tube) and passive (polyurethane foam -cyl and perkin elmer carbo
Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ‘contagion’, or social transmission, in risk of suicidal behaviour (SB) among siblings. Methods: We followed Swedish sibling pairs until one of them (S1; N = 111,848) was registered for a suicide attempt or completion. We tested the effect of geographic proximity between siblings on risk of a first SB registration of S1's sibling (S2). To
An essential ingredient in many model Hamiltonians, such as the Hubbard model, is the effective electron-electron interaction U, which enters as matrix elements in some localized basis. These matrix elements provide the necessary information in the model, but the localized basis is incomplete for describing U. We present a systematic scheme for computing the manifestly basis-independent dynamical
Understanding how patterns of recovery and geological conditions affect microbial communities is important for determining the stability of karst ecosystems. Here, we investigated the diversity and composition of microorganisms in karst and non-karst environments under natural restoration and artificial rehabilitation conditions. The results showed no significant differences in soil microbial dive
Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. Emerging research shows an association with environmental exposures. The present aim was to investigate associations between early pregnancy serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and preeclampsia. Within the Swedish SELMA study, eight PFAS were measured at median 10 gestational weeks and cases of preeclampsia were postnatall
The Japanese drug company Astellas has had its knuckles rapped for wrongdoing four times in less than three years. Now Deborah Cohen, Shai Mulinari, and Piotr Ozieranski reveal fresh claims about the treatment of an employee who offered to help it clean up its act
Dental caries and periodontitis account for a vast burden of morbidity and healthcare spending, yet their genetic basis remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we identify self-reported dental disease proxies which have similar underlying genetic contributions to clinical disease measures and then combine these in a genome-wide association study meta-analysis, identifying 47 novel and conditionally
Chiral Perturbation Theory is a useful tool to aid in performing the various extrapolations needed in lattice QCD calculations of physical quantities. These include extrapolations in quark mass, finite lattice spacing and finite size of the lattice. Especially the latter will becomemore important when the quark masses on the lattice become smaller. Here we develop the needed two-loop integrals at
The present status of Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) in the strong mesonic sector is discussed. A very short introduction to ChPT is followed by an overview of existing two-loop calculations and the determination of the Low-Energy-Constants (LECs). I discuss the case of $\eta\to\pi\pi\pi$ decays in somewhat more detail and finish by mentioning some recent work on partially quenched ChPT and on
This review re-examines the use of accelerometer and oxygen uptake data for the assessment of activity intensity. Accelerometers capture mechanical work, while oxygen uptake captures the energy cost of this work. Frequency filtering needs to be considered when processing acceleration data. A too restrictive filter attenuates the acceleration signal for walking and, to a higher degree, for running.
