Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody isotype that mature B cells express together with IgM through alternative RNA splicing. Here we report active T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgM-to-IgD class switching in B cells of the human upper respiratory mucosa. This process required activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and generated local and circulating IgD-producing plasmabla

Popular Abstract in Swedish Varje år insjuknar mer än 8000 kvinnor i Sverige i bröstcancer, och 5 år efter diagnos är nära 90% fortfarande i livet. Trots att prognosen för majoriteten av patienterna är god, dör 1400 kvinnor årligen av bröstcancer. Till följd av detta pågår mycket forskningsarbete för att finna faktorer som bättre kan förutsäga prognos, prognostiska studier, men även för att finna Breast cancer is the most common tumour form and the second leading cause of death in solid tumours in women in the Western world. Despite improvements in the treatment, a considerable number of patients will relapse and die from their breast cancer. At the same time, a substantial number of patients will be over-treated, as they would have been cured by surgery and radiotherapy alone. In the meta

Popular Abstract in Swedish Varje dag producerar vår kropp många miljarder nya blodceller. Dessa celler är livsnödvändiga för att många funktioner i kropp ska fungera. Exempelvis hjälper de till med att skydda oss från sjukdomar, läka skador, och med att transportera syre och avfallsämnen. Blodsystemet (det hematopoetiska systemet) är uppbyggt som en hierarki där hematopoetiska stamceller finns påIn the blood system, knowledge on the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their immature progeny has provided roadmaps of differentiation. Such information can also have a value to understand the etiology of hematological cancers, since clinical heterogeneity and prognostic therapeutic outcomes have been proposed to associate with the specific developmental stage from which the trans

We study a model of the atrioventricular node function during atrial fibrillation (AF), for which the model parameters can be estimated from the ECG. The proposed model is defined by parameters which characterize the arrival rate of atrial impulses, the probability of an impulse choosing either one of the two atrioventricular nodal pathways, the refractory periods of these pathways, and the prolon

The nanoindentation response of empty viral capsids is modeled using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Simulation with two different geometries, spherical and icosahedral, is performed using the finite element code Abaqus. The capsids are modeled as nonlinear Hookean elastic, and both small and large deformation analysis is performed. The Young's modulus is determined by calibrating the f

In public debate the crisis of the eurozone has been laid on the footstep of imprudent government finance. This paper argues that the depth and longevity of the crisis instead is due to ‘asymmetric trends’ that are inherent in the eurozone. We show this, first, by a test of the ‘one-size-fits-all’ ECB monetary policy. The results provide an estimate of how ECB at the same time fuelled some ‘bubble

Abstract is not available

In this contribution I want to discuss three phenomena, where effects of fluctuations are very important, multiplicity distributions, diffractive excitation, and nucleus collisions.

Resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering spectra excited at the dissociative 1 sigma(g) -> 3 sigma(u) resonance in gas-phase O-2 are presented and discussed in terms of state-of-the-art molecular theory. A new selection rule due to internal spin coupling is established, facilitating a deep analysis of the valence excited final states. Furthermore, it is found that a commonly accepted symmetry sele

SLF:s exkursion till Skäckerfjällen 2008 var en strålande succé (se Lavbulletinen 2009-1), vilket säkert bidrog till att många anmälde intresse när det annonserades att det var dags för ett återbesök i detta nederbördsrika och geologiskt omväxlande jämtländska naturreservat. Allteftersom veckorna gick duggade desvärre återbuden lika tätt som regndropparna i den dystra väderleksprognosen för den ak

The book contains editions and studies of texts produced by Swedish academics active at the University of Leipzig in the fifteenth century. Academic texts from the Middle Ages are difficult to digest; the editions, translations and studies presented in this book and its companion volumes make them as accessible to the modern reader as one can possibly ask.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease with a median life expectancy of 4-5 years after initial diagnosis. Early diagnosis and accurate monitoring of IPF are limited by a lack of sensitive imaging techniques that are able to visualize early fibrotic changes at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. Here, we report a new x-ray imaging approach that directly vis

We present a paleomagnefic study of 1785 to 1770 Ma composite and mafic intrusions in Smaland, Sweden. A positive inverse baked contact test suggests the primary nature of their magnetization. The palaeomagnetic pole (45.7 degrees N, 182.7 degrees E, A(95)=8.0 degrees) may be regarded as a key pole for Fennoscandia. Available paleomagnetic data suggest that Laurentia and Fennoscandia/Balfica drift

Context:A common genetic variant (rs10423928, A-allele) in the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor gene (GIPR) is associated with decreased insulin secretion. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is secreted after food consumption and gipr knockout mice fed a high-fat diet are protected against obesity and disturbances in glucose homeostasis. Objective:Our objective was

The physicochemical properties of potato fibre, wheat bran and oat samples were investigated, along with their binding capability to heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Potato fibre displayed highest total dietary fibre content (71.8/100g dry weight basis, dwb), followed by wheat bran (57.2/100gdwb) and oat sample 2 (53.0/100gdwb). Oat samples 1, 3 and 4 displayed considerably lower dietary fibre content

Abstract in UndeterminedFor more than a decade the humanitarian community has been mandated to mainstream gender in its response to crises. One element of this mandate is a repeated call for sex-disaggregated data to help guide the response. This study examines available analyses, assessments and academic literature to gain insights into whether sex-disaggregated data are generated, accessible and