This paper presents new estimates of the living standards among the rural labouring classes in Sweden from 1750 to 1900. Starting with a database of more than 1,000 probate inventories of rural landless and semi-landless people from the benchmark years 1750, 1800, 1850 and 1900, we study the development for crofters in particular. We measure their assets and debts in great detail, mapping the deve

The Swedish book business began as a poorly developed market with serious economic, social, and infrastructural issues, but transformed over the course of two centuries into a well-functioning, albeit small, market with strong international ties. The 19th-century book market was hampered by poor infrastructure and underdeveloped publishing and book sales. Technological innovations in printing tech

We have made a systematic combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) investigation of possible structures of the N2 bound state of nitrogenase. We assume that N2 is immediately protonated to a N2H2 state, thereby avoiding the problem of determining the position of the protons in the cluster. We have systematically studied both end-on and side-on structures, as well as both HNNH a

Three mentally retarded male patients, 24, 30 and 14 years old, died from acute gastric dilatation leading to rupture and perforation. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA) was the cause of gastric dilatation in two of them. In the third patient the cause was not clear. The three patients had scoliosis and were underweight or thin. Two had spastic quadriplegia of perinatal origin and one had D

The Swedish medico-legal concept of “science and proven experience” is both legally important and ambiguous. The conceptual uncertainty associated with it can hamper effective assessment of medical evidence in legal proceedings and encourage medical professionals to distrust legal regulation. We examine normative criteria a functioning medico-legal notion should presumably meet, e.g. clarity, acce

Direct measurements are presented of the Schottky barrier (SB) heights of carbon nanotube devices contacted with Pd electrodes. The SB barrier heights were determined from the activation energy of the temperature-dependent thermionic emission current in the off-state of the devices. The barrier heights generally decrease with increasing diameter of the nanotubes and they are in agreement with the

Intense local heating of Si O2 is shown to occur during chemical vapor deposition growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of an electric field. This gives rise to the Marangoni effect where strong convection currents are induced in the molten Si O2 layer. Nanoscale trenches and bumps are formed in the insulating layer directly below the growing nanotube.

Chemical transformation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), edge-terminated with carboxylic groups, to SWNT species with amino groups directly attached to the tube open ends has been performed. Different synthetic approaches have been investigated. The reaction products were characterised by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and SEM.

The T-matrix method (also called the "extended boundary condition method" or "null field approach") is a formalism, which applies to scattering of linear classical waves (i.e. acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic waves). The object of this thesis is to extend the T-Matrix formalism to a geometry consisting of twohalf-spaces, one of which contains a three-dimensional inhomogeneity. The two half-sp

Pontocerebellar hypoplasias are congenital disorders of brain morphogenesis which include such diverse etiologies as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1, cerebromuscular dystrophies (Walker-Warburg syndrome, Fukuyama syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease) and at least two types of autosomal recessive neurodegenerations known as pontocerebellar hypoplasia type I and II. Pontocerebellar