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Adjectives in German and Norwegian

In this paper, we demonstrate that adjective endings in the Germanic languages do not pattern uniformly. We illustrate this with nine syntactic contexts: possessives involving proper names and pronominals, embedded and unembedded proper names, “disagreeing” pronominal DPs, appositives, definite adjectives, vocatives, and discontinuous noun phrases. We show that German is subject to lexical and str

Evaluating spread of invaders from gravity scores - A way of using gravity models in ecology.

This study is a theoretical excursion into gravity models and their usability in evaluating importance of spatial structure and population development for the spread of colonizing organisms. A so called "gravity score" for sites is deduced, and such a score could be used for predicting risk of colonization once one site in an area has been subject to introduction of a new species. The analysis fur

Biofuel cell based on microscale nanostructured electrodes with inductive coupling to rat brain neurons.

Miniature, self-contained biodevices powered by biofuel cells may enable a new generation of implantable, wireless, minimally invasive neural interfaces for neurophysiological in vivo studies and for clinical applications. Here we report on the fabrication of a direct electron transfer based glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) from genuinely three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured microscale go

Fluorescence spectroscopy in tissue phantoms for improved depth resolution in tissue imaging

A way to determine the depth of an embedded fluorescent object, for example deep-lying tumors marked with a fluorescent probe, is to detect fluorescent light that has propagated through the medium at two different wavelength bands. A ratio can then be calculated between the corresponding intensities. The wavelength regions should be chosen such that there is a difference in the absorption in the m

Neuroarchitecture of the central complex of the desert locust: Intrinsic and columnar neurons

The central complex is a group of neuropils in the center of the insect brain. It consists of four major subunits: the upper and lower divisions of the central body (CBU, CBL), the protocerebral bridge (PB), and the paired noduli. A distinctive feature of the central complex is a modular architecture characterized by rows of 16 columns, intersected in the central body by stacks of layers. Evidence

Endometrial expression of the estrogen-sensitive genes MMP-26 and TIMP-4 is altered by a substitution protocol without down-regulation in IVF patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an estradiol (E2)–progesterone substitution protocol on the endometrial expression of estrogen-sensitive genes during the peri-implantation period. METHODS: Peripheral blood and endometrial biopsies were obtained from 13 infertile women both in a natural cycle (NC), on days 5 and 7 after ovulation (NC5, NC7), and in an artificial (sub

Evaluation of phenoxymethylpenicillin treatment of acute otitis media in children aged 2-16

Objective. To study the clinical recovery from acute otitis media ( AOM) in children, 2-16 years of age, managed with or without treatment with phenoxymethylpenicillin ( PcV). Design. An open, prospective randomized trial. Children aged between 2 and 16 years, presenting with one- or double-sided AOM ( without perforation) with symptom duration of less than four days, were included. The children w

Von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate (Haemate(R) P) dosing based on pharmacokinetics: a prospective multicenter trial in elective surgery.

Background: While plasma-derived concentrates containing large amounts of von Willebrand factor (VWF) are effective in treating von Willebrand disease (VWD), optimal dosing remains to be fully characterized. Objectives: To determine the feasibility of dosing Haemate P-(R) VWF/factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate based on pharmacokinetics (PK) in the management of surgical subjects with VWD. Methods: VW

Displacement of the occluding loop by the parasite protein, chagasin, results in efficient inhibition of human cathepsin

Cathepsin B is a papain-like cysteine protease showing both endo- and exopeptidase activity, the latter due to a unique occluding loop that restricts access to the active site cleft. To clarify the mode by which natural protein inhibitors manage to overcome this obstacle, we have analyzed the structure and function of cathepsin B in complexes with the Trypanosoma cruzi inhibitor, chagasin. Kinetic

Bral1, a brain-specific link protein, colocalizing with the versican V2 isoform at the nodes of Ranvier in developing and adult, mouse central nervous systems

Bral1, a brain-specific hyaluronan-binding protein, has been cloned recently. To gain insight into the role of Bral1, we generated a specific antibody against this protein. We have examined the detailed localization pattern of Bral1 protein and compared it with that of other members of the lectican proteoglycan family, such as brevican and versican, with which Bral1 is predicted to interact. The i

Semmelweis’s methodology from the modern stand-point: intervention studies and causal ontology

Semmelweis’s work predates the discovery of the power of randomization in medicine by almost a century. Although Semmelweis would not have consciously used a randomized controlled trial (RCT), some features of his material—the allocation of patients to the first and second clinics—did involve what was in fact a randomization, though this was not realised at the time. This article begins by explain

Pyruvate decarboxylases from the petite-negative yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri

Saccharomyces kluyveri is a petite-negative yeast, which is less prone to form ethanol under aerobic conditions than is S. cerevisiae. The first reaction on the route from pyruvate to ethanol is catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, and the differences observed between S. kluyveri and S. cerevisiae with respect to ethanol formation under aerobic conditions could be caused by differences in the regu

Cross-Cultural Patterns in College Student Drinking and its Consequences - A Comparison between the USA and Sweden

Aims: The aim of the study was to compare alcohol use, consequences and common risk factors between American and Swedish college students. Methods: A secondary comparative analysis from one American and two Swedish studies in college settings. Results: Swedish freshmen report higher alcohol use than US freshmen students. Swedish residence hall students report higher alcohol use than US residence h

Type 1 fimbriae deliver an LPS- and TLR4-dependent activation signal to CD14-negative cells

Fimbriae target bacteria to different mucosal surfaces and enhance the inflammatory response at these sites. Inflammation may be triggered by the fimbriae themselves or by fimbriae-dependent delivery of other host activating molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although LPS activates systemic inflammation through the CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways, mechanisms of epithelial ce

Links between worlds: unraveling migratory connectivity

Migration is the regular seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often from a breeding site to a nonbreeding site and back. Because the act of migration makes it difficult to follow individuals and populations year round, our understanding of the ecology and evolution of migrating organisms, particularly binds, has been severely impeded. Exciting new advances in satellite telemetry

The water/n-octane/octyl-beta-D-glucoside/l-octanol system: Phase diagrams and phase properties

The partial phase diagram of D2O/n-octyl-beta-D-alkyl-glucoside(C(8)G(1))/n-octane has been determined at T = 25 degrees C. The diagram contains a funnel-shaped micellar phase originating from the water corner of the phase diagram D2O/C(8)G(1) with the stern forming a narrow three-phase region, in which the three phases in equilibrium are two microemulsions of similar composition and an excess oil