National Intellectual Capital: Examining the implications of intellectual capital elements in national and innovation system model context through a comparative study of Finland, Singapore and Malaysia
This paper seeks to examine the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) elements – human capital, market capital, process capital and renewal capital – and innovation system models (ISMs), on a national level, to determine if specific IC elements have a higher degree of influence in supporting economic competitiveness, and if both IC and ISM mutually influence and reinforce one another. Thr