Objective. The redistributive effect of the welfare state is traditionally measured by comparing the gross and net distribution of annual income among adults. This standard approach does not account for the fact that a large share of the taxes paid by adults are paid back to the very same individuals later in life. The objective of this article is to examine the factors that determine the differen

Background: Special clinical situations where general hypothermia cannot be recommended but can be a useful treatment demand a new approach, selective brain cooling. The purpose of this study was to selectively cool the brain with cold saline circulating in balloon catheters introduced into the nasal cavity in pigs. Material and methods: Twelve anaesthetised pigs were subjected to selective cerebr

In this paper we prove the existence of steady periodic two-dimensional capillary-gravity waves on flows with an arbitrary vorticity distribution. The original free-surface problem is first transformed to a second-order quasi-linear elliptic equation with a second-order quasi-linear boundary condition in a fixed domain by a change of variables. We then use local bifurcation theory combined with th

A desymmetrization route to fused Troger's base analogues was developed. In this way, the synthesis of the first example of an anti-anti diastereomer of a fused tris-Troger's base analogue was accomplished. The resulting compound 5b is a nonlinear symmetric regioisomer obtained from p-bromoaniline in 7% yield. The corresponding syn-anti diastereomer 5a was obtained in 4% yield.

A constitutive model for rate-dependent and thermomechanically coupled plasticity at finite strains is presented. The plasticity model is based on a J(2) model and rate-dependent behavior is included by use of a Perzyna-type formulation. Adiabatic heating effects are handled in a consistent way and not, as is a common assumption, through a constant conversion of the internal work rate into rate of

The complexation of Cd(II) and Cd(II)-phthalate at the goethite/water interface were investigated by EXAFS and IR spectroscopy, by batch adsorption experiments and by potentiometric titrations at 298.15 K. The EXAFS spectra showed Cd(IT) to form only inner-sphere corner-sharing complexes with the goethite surface sites in the presence and absence of phthalate. EXAFS spectra also showed the presenc

In this paper, we completely classify which graded polynomial R-algebras in finitely many even degree variables can occur as the singular cohomology of a space with coefficients in R, a 1960 question of N. E. Steenrod, for a commutative ring R satisfying mild conditions. In the fundamental case R=Z, our result states that the only polynomial cohomology rings over Z that can occur are tensor produc

Question: What is the relationship between species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and macrolichens, and two important gradients in the alpine environment, altitude and local topography? Location: Northernmost Fennoscandia, 250–1525 m a.s.l. corresponding to the range between timberline and mountain top. Methods: The vegetation was sampled in six mountain areas. For each 25 vertical metr

Fracture risk in GHD patients is not definitely established. Studying fracture incidence in 832 patients on GH therapy and 2581 matched population controls, we recorded a doubled fracture risk in CO GHD women, but a significantly lower fracture risk in AO GHD men. Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate fracture incidence in patients with confirmed growth hormone deficiency (GHD)

The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is the main mediator of nitric oxide-induced relaxation of smooth muscle. Although this pathway is well established, the cellular action of PKG, nitric oxide, and cGMP is complex and not fully understood. A cross-talk between the cGMP-PKG and other pathways (e.g. cAMP-protein kinase A) seems to exist. We have explored cGMP- and cAMP-dependent relaxation of s

An integrated product recovery system was developed to separate urokinase from the cell culture broth of human kidney cells HT1080. Supermacroporous monolithic cryogels provided ideal matrices with respect to surface and flow properties for use as cell culture scaffold as well as for affinity chromatographic capture step of the enzyme in the integrated system. The urokinase was produced continuous

In this manuscript we report the binding affinity between two model proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and ribonuclease A (RNase A), and negatively charged polyelectrolytes, two different heparin fractions and dextran sulfate, by means of partial filling and affinity capillary electrophoresis. The apparent dissociation constants, Kd, obtained by use of the partial-filling method, between HSA and