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A Unified Discussion on Signal Filtering in PID Control

The major input signals entering the PID controller are: the setpoint, the process output, and measurable load disturbances. By feeding these signals through suitable filters, the properties of the feedback loop can be improved significantly. The goal of this paper is to provide a unified discussion about these filters. The paper treats set-point handling, feedforward from load disturbances, TITO

Estimating the gravity model without gravity using panel data

This article examines the effects of zero trade on the estimation of the gravity model using both simulated and real data with a panel structure, which is different from the more conventional cross-sectional structure. We begin by showing that the usual log-linear estimation method can result in highly deceptive inference when some observations are zero. As an alternative approach, we suggest usin

47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome: Clinical characteristics and age-specific recommendations for medical management

47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) is the most frequent sex chromosomal disorder and affects approximately one in 660 newborn boys. The syndrome is characterized by varying degrees of cognitive, social, behavioral, and learning difficulties and in adulthood additionally primary testicular failure with small testes, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, tall stature, and eunuchoid body proportions. The phenot

Sampling effort required to obtain repeatable average size estimates of juvenile fish

Larval and juvenile fish cohorts often have skewed size distributions due to inter-individual variation in growth rates. A resampling analysis was used to investigate how much sampling effort is required to achieve repeatable average size estimates in populations of juvenile yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes. One hundred juveniles (30 d post-hatch) were measured for total length and

Convergence of Synapses, Endosomes, and Prions in the Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Age-related misfolding and aggregation of disease-linked proteins in selective brain regions is a characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Although neuropathological aggregates that characterize these various diseases are found at sites other than synapses, increasing evidence supports the idea that synapses are where the pathogenesis begins. Understanding these diseases is hampered by our la

Stress-Laminated Timber Decks Subjected to Eccentric Loads in the Ultimate Limit State

Stress-laminated timber (SLT) bridge decks are generally designed using either linear hand calculation methods or linear finite-element models. Several studies have shown, however, that the behavior of SLT decks is nonlinear when loaded until failure. In this paper, several linear design methods are compared with one another and with an ultimate load test of a full-scale SLT deck subjected to an e

Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study

Epidemiological evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet (MD) could reduce the risk of breast cancer (BC). As evidence from the prospective studies remains scarce and conflicting, we investigated the association between adherence to the MD and risk of BC among 335,062 women recruited from 1992 to 2000, in ten European countries, and followed for 11 years on average. Adherence to the MD was es

A Swedish national post-marketing surveillance study of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis

Background: A post marketing surveillance study was conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of natalizumab in Swedish multiple sclerosis (MS) patients since its introduction in August 2006 until March 2010. Methods: Patients were registered in the web-based Swedish MS-registry at 40 locations and evaluated every 6 months. Adverse events and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results: One thousand

In situ anodization of aluminum surfaces studied by x-ray reflectivity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

We present results from the anodization of an aluminum single crystal [Al(111)] and an aluminum alloy [Al 6060] studied by in situ x-ray reflectivity, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and ex situ scanning electron microscopy. For both samples, a linear increase of oxide film thickness with increasing anodization voltage was found. However, the slope is much higher in the single cryst

Unveiling the complex electronic structure of amorphous metal oxides

Amorphous materials represent a large and important emerging area of material's science. Amorphous oxides are key technological oxides in applications such as a gate dielectric in Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor devices and in Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon and TANOS (TaN-Al2O3-Si3N4-SiO2-Silicon) flash memories. These technologies are required for the high packing density of today's

Parallel computation with molecular-motor-propelled agents in nanofabricated networks.

The combinatorial nature of many important mathematical problems, including nondeterministic-polynomial-time (NP)-complete problems, places a severe limitation on the problem size that can be solved with conventional, sequentially operating electronic computers. There have been significant efforts in conceiving parallel-computation approaches in the past, for example: DNA computation, quantum comp

Selective Expression of the MAPK Phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 in Mouse Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Regulation of IFN-β Production.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) efficiently produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands, whereas conventional DCs (cDCs) predominantly secrete high levels of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12. The molecular basis underlying this distinct phenotype is not well understood. In this study, we identified the MAPK phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 by transcriptome analysis as selectiv

Afrikansk skönlitteratur på svensk bokmarknad 1961-1981 : Bo Cavefors Bokförlag och Afrika berättar

This article examines the selection, marketing and reception of African fiction on the Swedish book market of the 1960s and 70s, through the series Afrika berättar, launched by Bo Cavefors Publishing, Ltd. Bo Cavefors was a Swedish publisher of writers such as Wole Soyinka, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o and José Luandino Vieira. The article discusses the way in which these literary works were received taking

Do the poor benefit from globalization regardless of institutional quality?

Despite significant progress towards the Millennium goals, more than one billion people live on less than 1.25 US dollars per day. Previous research suggests that globalization stimulates poverty reduction, but does not investigate what role institutions play in this relationship. Theoretically, globalization could act as either a complement or a substitute to institutional quality in reducing pov