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Copyright has traditionally been considered as a right that has a social function. Thus, among the various justifications for its existence, it is the utilitarian or instrumentalist justification that has often been hoisted in order to assess how well it serves the needs of society. From its inception as a concept, copyright has been justified as a necessary evil that, to quote Macaulay, “ought no
Growing Russian oil export and an overall growing trade made the Baltic Sea one of the busiest shipping areas in the world, but the marine environment has suffered greatly from this development. Although not solely responsible for this unfortunate development, the International Maritime Organization has addressed this issue by designating the Baltic as a particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA) and
The “pay to be paid” Rule is a fundamental component of Protection & Indemnity (hereinafter referred to as “P&I”) insurance policies, which requires a Club Member to discharge his liabilities to the injured third party before he can be indemnified by the P&I Club. If the Club Member cannot compensate the third party as a result of insolvency, the third party is denied full satisfaction
Article 4 of the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR) defines signs of which a Community trade mark may consist in a very wide manner, expressly including the shape of goods or of their packaging. However, with regard to such shapes, the Regulation in its Article 7(1)(e) introduces a, in comparison with other signs, additional ground for refusal that has to be overcome when seeking registration.
