A photoelectron, emitted due to the absorption of light quanta as described by the photoelectric effect, is often characterized experimentally by a classical quantity, its momentum. However, since the photoelectron is a quantum object, its rigorous characterization requires the reconstruction of the complete quantum state, the photoelectron’s density matrix. Here we use quantum-state tomography to

There is a growing interest in reconstructing the density matrix of photoelectron wavepackets, in particular in complex systems where decoherence can be introduced either by a partial measurement of the system or through coupling with a stochastic environment. To this end, several methods to reconstruct the density matrix, quantum state tomography protocols, have been developed and tested on photo

I cirkulära ekonomier förväntas konsumenter förlänga produkters livslängd och säkerställa att de återvinns—en betydande omställning från dagens ekonomiska system där linjära konsumtionssätt dominerar. För att stödja denna omställning behöver vi förstå hur cirkulär konsumtion (o)möjliggörs i olika kontexter som formats av linjär konsumtion, t. ex. detaljhandeln och hushåll. Syftet med denna avhandlIn circular economies, consumers are expected to extend product lifetimes and ensure recycling—a considerable departure from the linear take-make-dispose model. To support this shift, we need to understand how circular consumption is currently enabled in retail markets and how consumers navigate these tasks. Thus, in this dissertation, I aim to explore and conceptualise how circular consumption is

Background: Acute postoperative pain is a common problem in clinical practice and merits attention considering its potential long-term adverse effects. This systematic review covers current knowledge on methods for individual prediction of postoperative pain. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for original studies with adult patient

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing general anesthesia are more frequently monitored for depth of anesthesia using processed electroencephalography. Opioid-free anesthesia is nowadays an accepted modality for general anesthesia, however it is unclear how to interpret data from processed electroencephalography when using a mixture of non-opioid anesthetic drugs. Our objective was to describe density sp

BACKGROUND: Access to adequate pain treatment is a fundamental right, yet international data suggest that a considerable number of children experience acute and persistent pain. Little is known about the occurrence of both acute and persistent pain in children. The incidence of persistent postoperative pain in children is an unexplored area but international studies suggest that many children expe

Background: Many women consume alcohol while pregnant before they are aware of the pregnancy, raising concerns about potential harms to the developing fetus. Official guidelines in the United Kingdom recommend abstinence throughout pregnancy, and many women turn to online forums for reassurance and information. However, online forums can also become a source of misinformation, potentially increasi

The operational management of offshore wind farms includes inspection and maintenance (I&M) of the wind turbine support structures. These activities are complex and influenced by numerous uncertain factors that affect their costs. The uncertainty in the I&M costs should be considered in decision value analyses performed to optimize I&M strategies for the turbine support structures. In

Social isolation and loneliness among older adults have been linked with several health issues, including depression, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and mortality. However, associations of social isolation and loneliness with mental and somatic symptoms, sleep disturbances, and medication use are unclear. The aim of this thesis was to investigate these associations in a population-b

This article examines the economic incentives for Europeans to migrate to the socalled ‘white man’s grave’ of West Africa. Ignorance and coercion have been proposed as explanations for migration to high mortality areas. We use data on the Royal African Company and their European employees on the Gold Coast during the period 17071740. We found that the employees received a premium above the wage thThis article examines the economic incentives for Europeans to migrate to the so-called 'white man's grave' of West Africa. Ignorance and coercion have been proposed as explanations for migration to high mortality areas. We use data on the Royal African Company and their European employees on the Gold Coast during the period 1707-1740. We found that the employees received a premium above the wage

Research on how children are affected by their sibship size, i.e., their number of siblings, faces a serious hurdle because sibship size is endogenous in the model. The current “gold standard” method to solve this is to use (parity-specific) twin births as instrumental variables. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. Firstly, it introduces instrumental variable methods in general. Secondly, it a

This paper deals with the home-leaving of young adults in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the period 1915–1943. We used individual-level panel data from population registers and poll-tax records, taking a competing risk design for the analysis of the determinants of leaving home to marry, or for non-familial living. We found a transitional, marriage-driven pattern of leaving home that neither fits the old

This special issue contains a collection of papers that study how children are affected by their sibship size, using anthropometric data. The varied results provide a wealth of new knowledge and show that this influence is context-specific. In this paper I discuss the methodological challenges that we will encounter continuing research on resource dilution in families. The most important challenge

This paper considers whether short-term variation in exposure to disease early in life, as measured by a variety of mortality rates, has an effect on the height of young adults. Height information for men born in southern Sweden, 1814–1948, and included in the Scanian Economic Demographic Database (SEDD), was obtained from records of medical inspections carried out as part of Sweden’s system of un

Background: There is still much to learn about the explanation for the often-found negative association between sibship size and different child outcomes. A plausible explanation is resource competition between siblings in larger families, as suggested by the resource dilution hypothesis. Objective: This study contributes to our understanding of these mechanisms by investigating the association be

The study explores the long-term trends in socioeconomic differences in height among young adult men. We linked information from conscript inspections to a longitudinal demographic database of five parishes in Southern Sweden. Detailed information on the occupation and landholding was used to investigate the differences in height. Even if there is indication of a reduction in the magnitude of the