TNF-alpha is an independent serum marker for proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine if there are any associations between serum levels of inflammatory markers and proliferative retinopathy (PDR) in type 1 diabetic patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was utilized for this study. METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight type 1 diabetic patients underwent stereo fundus photography according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and
