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Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer : patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials

BackgroundThe optimal ways of using aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen as endocrine treatment for early breast cancer remains uncertain.MethodsWe undertook meta-analyses of individual data on 31 920 postmenopausal women with oestrogen-receptor-positive early breast cancer in the randomised trials of 5 years of aromatase inhibitor versus 5 years of tamoxifen; of 5 years of aromatase inhibitor versus

Effect of radiotherapy after mastectomy and axillary surgery on 10-year recurrence and 20-year breast cancer mortality : meta-analysis of individual patient data for 8135 women in 22 randomised trials

BACKGROUND: Postmastectomy radiotherapy was shown in previous meta-analyses to reduce the risks of both recurrence and breast cancer mortality in all women with node-positive disease considered together. However, the benefit in women with only one to three positive lymph nodes is uncertain. We aimed to assess the effect of radiotherapy in these women after mastectomy and axillary dissection.METHOD

Childhood stunting is highly clustered in Northern Province of Rwanda : A spatial analysis of a population-based study

Background: In Northern Province, Rwanda, stunting is common among children aged under 5 years. However, previous studies on spatial analysis of childhood stunting in Rwanda did not assess its randomness and clustering, and none were conducted in Northern Province. We conducted a spatial-pattern analysis of childhood undernutrition to identify stunting clusters and hotspots for targeted interventi

Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer : meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials

BACKGROUND: Moderate differences in efficacy between adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer are plausible, and could affect treatment choices. We sought any such differences.METHODS: We undertook individual-patient-data meta-analyses of the randomised trials comparing: any taxane-plus-anthracycline-based regimen versus the same, or more, non-taxane chemotherapy (n=44,000); one anthracycl

Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death : meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials

BACKGROUND: After breast-conserving surgery, radiotherapy reduces recurrence and breast cancer death, but it may do so more for some groups of women than for others. We describe the absolute magnitude of these reductions according to various prognostic and other patient characteristics, and relate the absolute reduction in 15-year risk of breast cancer death to the absolute reduction in 10-year re

Tubas, Tubists, and Composers : A mixed-methodological approach to performer- and composer-instrument relationships

This thesis assesses, through self-reflective practice, how the instruments of the tuba family have functioned as interfaces between composers and performers from the earliest records to the present day. A lack of knowledge surrounding the instruments and their capabilities and limitations has persisted since they were first employed by composers in the late seventeenth century, which suggests tha

Lifestyle changes in middle age and risk of cancer : evidence from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

In this study, we aimed to provide novel evidence on the impact of changing lifestyle habits on cancer risk. In the EPIC cohort, 295,865 middle-aged participants returned a lifestyle questionnaire at baseline and during follow-up. At both timepoints, we calculated a healthy lifestyle index (HLI) score based on cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index and physical activity. HLI range

Will the Center Hold? What Research Centers Do to Universities and to Societal Challenges

Research centers represent a specific organizational format for linking the traditional university organization with external actors, goals, and processes in time-limited, concentrated efforts of research and collaboration. Yet, the center format contains large variations, and centers act as interfaces between university organizations, societal actors, and research funders in multifaceted ways. In

Carrier Cooling in Lead Halide Perovskites : A Perspective on Hot Carrier Solar Cells

The concept of hot carrier solar cells (HCSCs) has been proposed as a promising yet elusive path toward high-performance photovoltaics (PV), capable of surpassing the Shockley-Queisser limit by recycling energy that would otherwise be lost during thermalization. Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have emerged as highly promising materials for PV applications. The reports of slow hot carrier (HC) cooli