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This article presents a rational institutionalist account of why the Commission and the ECJ vary in their capacity to pursue successfully a supranational agenda. In the empirical part, the explanatory power of this approach is illustrated through a comparison of the Commission's and the ECJ's autonomy in the pursuit of a joint agenda in EU enforcement. The article suggests that the EU as a strateg
In this study, the results from three Nordic linkage disequilibrium screens in multiple sclerosis (MS) were investigated, in a new sample set of 314 Nordic MS trios from Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland. Among 30 non-HLA and two HLA microsatellite markers individually genotyped, eight markers displayed distorted transmission with uncorrected P-value <0.05, ranked in this order: D6S2443 (6p21.32
Care of haemophilic patients has dramatically improved during the past 40-50 years. Clotting factor concentrates have become much safer. Expensive treatments such as prophylaxis, immune-tolerance induction, the use of bypassing agents in inhibitor patients, and the replacement of joints have become available. However, there is still a shortage of factor concentrate, and we are yet to discover the
The mechanism of activation for protein kinase B (PKB), an important target for insulin signaling, has been scarcely investigated in primary cells. In this study, we have characterized the insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of PKB beta in primary rat adipocytes. Insulin stimulation resulted in a translocation of PKB beta from cytosol to membranes, and phosphorylation and activation of
Objective: To compare the effects of low-dose transdermal estradiol (E2)/norethisterone acetate (NETA) patches (Estalis 25/125) with low-dose oral E2/NETA (Activelle) on cardiovascular biochemical markers after 12 and 52 weeks of treatment in postmenopausal women with intact uteri. Design: Participants were randomly assigned to receive either transdermal E2/NETA (delivering daily doses of 25 [mu]
The power expenditure of flapping flight in birds is characterised by a U-shaped function of speed through the air. From this relationship and the assumption of limited power available from flight muscles, it is possible to predict changes in the birds' airspeed in relation to external factors such as wind. These predictions are derived from flight mechanical theory and optimality criteria concern
Objectives. The first aim was to describe some aspects of each of the three perspectives in the triangular meeting between immigrant patients, interpreters and GPs, including their experiences, reflections and interactions during the consultation in primary health care. The second aim was to analyse patients' satisfaction with the consultation; whether satisfaction is influenced by respect for pat
In the present paper, we have studied particle dissolution and crystal growth of the poorly water soluble drug felodipine, using fluorescence as a probe for the amount of crystalline material. Dissolution kinetics is essentially diffusion-controlled, while the rate of crystal growth is significantly slower compared to the diffusion-controlled limit. The deviation from diffusion control was charact
A kinematic approach is applied to compute moisture flux and particle velocities in the unsaturated zone. The computations are compared with observations of tracer marked meltwater particles. Groundwater flow is computed accounting for storage and assuming constant particle velocity. It is found that meltwater particles that reach the groundwater not very close to the ground surface do not contrib
The New Basel Capital Accord, Basel II, promotes standards for measurement of financial and operational risk in the banking industry. Its approach to Such risk measurement has been severely criticized in the literature, inevitably raising doubts concerning the effectiveness of Basel II. Using data from 25 semi-structured interviews with banking staff in four Swedish banks, the study suggests that
Objective - Degradation of extracellular matrix plays an important role in growth and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Cystatin C, inhibitor of the collagen- and elastin-degrading cysteine proteases of the cathepsin family, is produced by virtually all cell types. It is present in the normal artery wall but severely reduced in human atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results - To dete
BACKGROUND: The Case Method (Case) and Problem Based Learning (PBL) are two student active methods, increasingly used in medical education. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare medical student satisfaction with the two different active methods of learning and to see if there was any variation in preference between two stages in medical training. METHODS: A short questionnaire was given out to
All sesquiterpenes present in a sample of scented myrrh were isolated and characterised. Seven compounds, with cadinane, guaiane, oplopane, and eudesmane skeletons, were obtained, of which two are new and two are reported from a natural source for the first time. The major component, T-cadinol, has previously been shown to possess smooth muscle-relaxing properties, and the major purpose of the inv
Objective. To describe the change of pain reports over time in 3 cohorts derived from the general population: (1) no chronic pain (NCP, n = 1156); (2) chronic regional pain (CRP n = 502) and (3) chronic widespread pain (CWP; n = 242). To identify risk factors that predict the development or persistence of chronic widespread pain. Methods. A 3-year followup from 1995 to 1998 with postal questionnai
Platelet deposition onto double velour Dacron (n = 14) and double velour Dacron with internal collagen (n = 14) interposition grafts were examined experimentally. The accumulation was assessed by reinfusion of 111In labelled platelets and imaging with a scintillation camera. One group received Dextran-40 intravenously (n = 14) and one group received Dazmegrel (n = 14) intravenously. No graft occlu
Pancreatitis-associated lung injury (PALI) is one of the earliest organ dysfunctions occurring in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. In this review we explore potential mechanisms of endothelial barrier dysfunction, neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage activation, adhesion molecule expression, initial factors, mast cell involvement and intracellular signaling in PALI. Different regulatory mech
It has been questioned recently whether populated intermediates are important for the protein folding process or are artefacts trapped in nonproductive pathways. We report here that the rapidly formed intermediate of the spliceosomal protein U1A is an off-pathway artefact caused by transient aggregation of denatured protein under native conditions. Transient aggregates are easily mistaken for stru
The development of new drugs against cancer requires established cell lines. They are needed for in vitro studies to identify candidate drugs and in xenograft models to measure drug efficacy in vivo. Specific criteria need to be fulfilled by cell lines used in the evaluation of potential novel therapeutic agents. It is imperative that they display the features of the particular cancer under invest
