I focus on the distinction between sensation and perception. Perceptions contain additional information that is useful for interpreting sensations. Following Grush, I propose that emulators can be seen as containing (or creating) hidden variables that generate perceptions from sensations. Such hidden variables could be used to explain further cognitive phenomena, for example, causal reasoning.

Two approaches based on alkaline hydrolysis, in combination with either stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) or sonication, were developed for the determination of banned azo dyes in bovine leather. All dyes were determined indirectly by measuring their corresponding harmful amines, formed after chemical reduction. Quantification was performed by employing standard addition methodology to compensat

BACKGROUND: Blockade of CD40 ligand (CD40L; CD154, gp39) is a potential treatment for autoimmune disease and allograft rejection. However, CD40L-/- mice are capable of mobilizing cellular immune responses to viral, parasitic, and intracellular bacterial infections as well as rejecting skin grafts with nearly the same efficiency as wild-type mice. CD40L-deficient mice (CD40L-/-) or wild-type mice t

Information on the first excited states in the N = Z = 41 nucleus Nb-82 sheds light on the competition of isospin T = 0 and T = 1 states in the A similar to 80 region. The measurement was performed at the GSI laboratory using fragmentation of a Ag-107 primary beam at 750 MeV/u on a 4 g/cm(2) Be-9 target. The fragments were separated and identified unambiguously in the FRagment Separator. Three exc

The field of plant cell wall biology is constantly growing and consequently so is the need for more sensitive and specific probes for individual wall components. Xyloglucan is a key polysaccharide widely distributed in the plant kingdom in both structural and storage tissues that exist in both fucosylated and non-fucosylated variants. Presently, the only xyloglucan marker available is the monoclon

The startup of a chemical plate reactor is investigated. A hybrid startup control scheme is presented and a discussion is made on how hybrid transition points could be chosen to allow safe startup despite actuator limitations, process nonlinearities and model uncertainties. The event-driven startup improves the robustness to uncertainties and disturbances, since each part of the startup is associa

Pressurized liquid extractions were performed on eight sediments in order to investigate if a modified US EPA method (100 degrees C, 100 bar, n-heptane/acetone (1:1), 2 x 5 min) provided exhaustive extractions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sediment, and to study if the extractability of PCBs from the different sediments was affected by characteristics of the sediment. The recovery from

Aims: Differences in morphology in adult barn swallows were investigated using bone and feather measurements taken from birds from a northern (Danish) and a southern (Spanish) European population. Discriminant Function Analysis was used to help in discriminating the sex of individuals of both populations. Location: Badajoz (Spain) and Kraghede (Denmark). Methods: Two discriminant functions were ob

We present a fast algorithm for optimal alignment between two similar ordered trees with node labels. Let S and T be two such trees with S and T nodes, respectively. If there exists an optimal alignment between S and T which uses at most d blank symbols and d is known in advance, it can be constructed in O(n log n (.) (maxdeg)(3) (.) d(2)) time, where n = max{S, T} and maxdeg is the maximum degree

Profilins are small, widely expressed actin binding proteins, thought to be key regulators of actin dynamics in living cells. So far, three profilin-genes have been described: profilin-I (PFN1), profilin-II (PFN2) with two splice variants and the recently identified profilin-III (PFN3). Here we describe the genomic organization of the genes encoding human and mouse profilin-III. Both are single ex

The Autocapture algorithm enables automatic capture verification on a beat-by-beat basis by recognizing the evoked response signal following each pacemaker stimulus. The algorithm intends to increase patient safety while decreasing energy consumption. However, the occurrence of fusion beats, particularly during dual chamber pacing, may limit the energy saving effect of Autocapture. The aim of this

Abstract is not available

The thesis accounts for a comparison between the two different parts of The National Law of King Christopher (1442): the parts taken over from the older national law and the parts rewritten och new written. I also compare with those parts of The Urban Law of King Magnus Eriksson that are independent of the national law. The investigations concern legal case clauses, legal enactment modes, syntacti

Acetone-ether preparations of epididymal fat pads from fasted or fed rats contained two enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of long-chain monoacylglycerols. The enzymes were identified as monoacylglycerol lipase (Tornqvist, H. and Belfrage, P., (1976) J. Biol Chem. 251, 813--819) and lipoprotein lipase by their apparent pI values after electrofocusing in non-ionic detergent, selective inhibition pro

Diabetic control, behavioural symptoms and self-evaluation were assessed in 25 children with IDDM who were in poor metabolic control (P group), before and subsequent to one of two treatment conditions: family therapy and conventional treatment (C). In addition, data were collected from 12 patients in optimal control (O group). Prior to treatment the patients in poor control were rated higher than

Popular Abstract in Swedish Något tillspetsat förefaller varje kommun driva utvecklingsarbete inriktat på verksamhetsmått. Är så inte fallet är ansvariga snabba att betona att verksamhetsmått är viktigt och att de precis har beslutat om ett större måttprojekt. Denna bok ger en bild av i vilken omfattning fyra gatukontor utformar och använder verksamhetsmått. Boken innehåller också beskrivningar ocThe purpose of this study is to develop a frame of reference within which formal control system performance measures can be described and their design and use can be analyzed for control systems in municipalities. From a cybernetic control approach measures are used as instruments to plan and gain feedback from employee actions, and adjust them to the internal and external environment of which the