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Premise of research. Phenotypic traits that consistently mediate species’ responses to environmental variation (functional traits) provide a promising approach toward generalizing ecological and evolutionary patterns and thereby gaining insights into the processes generating them. In the plant functional ecology literature, most trait-based studies have focused on traits mediating either resource
Environmental governance relies on the translation of socioecological knowledge across disciplines and cultural–political boundaries. Comparatively few studies have, however, examined how such expert knowledge is translated back into the local contexts where projects are implemented. This article explores these processes of translation for the case of forest-based carbon offsetting using a case st
The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg) was upgraded during a five month shutdown in winter 2009 [1]. Part of this upgrade was the installation of a direct seeding experiment in the XUV spectral range. Besides all components for transport and diagnostics of the photon beam into and out of the accelerator environment, a new 10m long variable-gap undulator was installed upstream of
Starting from next year the technical feasibility of a direct seeding scheme at 30 and 13 nm will be studied at the Free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH). During a major shutdown the SASE-FEL facility will be upgraded and it is planned to install in addition a high-harmonic generation (HHG) seed laser, a new chain of 10 m variable gap un-dulators and a dedicated commissioning beamline for photon
The quasi-stationary state characterizing the saturation of a single-pass free-electron laser is governed by the Vlasov equation obtained by performing the continuum limit of the Colson-Bonifacio model. By means of a statistical treatment, this approach allows to predict analytically the saturated laser intensity as well as the final electron-beam energy distribution. In this paper we consider the
The optical klystron installed on the Elettra storage-ring is normally used as interaction region for an oscillator free-electron laser, but, removing the optical cavity and using an external seed laser, one obtains an effective scheme for single-pass harmonic generation. In this configuration the high-power external laser is synchronized with the electron beam entering the first undulator of the
UV absorption from carbon nanoparticles is a very interesting astrophysical topic. The prominent hump centred at 217.5 nm is the most dominant feature in the interstellar extinction curve and also the most controversial and a long-standing problem in astrophysics. At the University of Milano an experimental set-up based on a Pulsed Microplasma Cluster Source has been developed for the investigatio
In a Storage-Ring Free-Electron Laser (SRFEL) giant pulses can be produced by the interaction between the light stored in the optical cavity and an electron beam with low energy-spread (cold beam). This interplay produces the heating of the beam. After the generation of a single giant pulse the overlap between electrons and radiation is periodically prevented for a time necessary to dump the energ
In a storage-ring free-electron laser (FEL), the onset and growth of intra-cavity power at the resonator wavelength can be naturally accompanied by coherent emission at higher harmonics. Contrary to what happens in singlepass linac-based devices, the electron beam is re-circulated in the storage ring and, while the microbunching becomes "thermalized" from turn to turn, the evolution of other bunch
Single-pass free-electron lasers constitute an example of systems with long-range interactions. The light-particle interplay leading to the power growth and successive relaxation towards a quasi-stationary state is governed by the Vlasov equation. A maximum entropy principle inspired to Lynden-Bell's theory of "violent relaxation" for the Vlasov equation can be invoked to analytically characterize
Coherent radiation from a relativistic electron beam is a valuable way to overcome the present limitations of conventional lasers and synchrotron radiation light sources. The typical scheme has electrons, directly from a linac, in a single-pass interaction with a laser pulse in the presence of a static undulator magnetic field. We demonstrate that a storage-ring free-electron laser can also achiev
We present an experimental characterization of the process of coherent harmonic generation in single-pass free electron lasers. The harmonic radiation is obtained by seeding the electron beam stored in the Elettra storage ring with a Ti:sapphire laser. Different methods for generating harmonics are compared between them, and a detailed characterization of the emitted light is performed for differe
We demonstrate for the first time that seeded harmonic generation on electron storage rings can produce coherent optical pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range. The experiment is performed at Elettra, where coherent pulses are generated at 132nm, with a duration of about 100fs. The light source has a repetition rate of 1kHz and adjustable polarization; it is very bright, with a peak power
Taking advantage of the storage ring free electron laser beamline at Elettra, we have implemented an experimental setup for the generation of sub-picosecond (ps) coherent optical pulses in the VUV range. The setup is based on the frequency up-conversion of a high-power external signal (provided by a Ti:Sapphire laser) and makes use of a relativistic electron bunch as resonating medium. The produce
The Free-electron-laser at Hamburg (FLASH) operates in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode, delivering to users photons in the XUV wavelength range. The FEL seeding schemes promise to improve the properties of the generated radiation in terms of stability in intensity and time. Such an experiment using higher harmonics of an optical laser as a seed is currently under construction a
The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg) was upgraded during a five month shutdown in winter 2009 [1]. Part of this upgrade was the installation of a direct seeding experiment in the XUV spectral range. Beside all components for transport and diagnostics of the photon beam in and out of the accelerator environment, a new 10 m long variable gap undulator was installed upstream of th
Recently, the Free electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) at DESY has been upgraded considerably [1]. Besides increasing the maximum energy to about 1.2 GeV and installation of a third-harmonic rf cavity linearizing the longitudinal phase space distribution of the electron bunch, an FEL seeding experiment at wavelengths of about 35 nm has been installed. The goal is to establish direct FEL seeding empl
