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The European Court of Justice has established many fundamental principles with its case law, but one of the most important was created in the Cassis de Dijon case, where an open-ended list of mandatory requirements was first introduced, opening up new possibilities for Member States to justify measures that hinder the free movement of goods. One question has however not been answered, and that i

On 25 May 1993, the United Nation Security Council took the extraordinary and unprecedented step to establish the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as means for restoration and maintenance of international peace and security. This was a major event for the all those who are concerned about serious breaches of international humanitarian law and the introduction of law

The duty of utmost good faith in the marine insurance contract law and the duty of good faith in the general contract law are quite similar in nature. Former recognises that the parties must make true representation and must disclose all material information while latter recognises the duty of representation only and does not at all recognise the duty of disclosure. The parties in the marine insu

Abstract: Using the vector error correction model, the relationship between trade and poverty is examined in this thesis. We have run eight models for two measures of poverty and mean per capita expenditure for six groups of expenditure in Iran from 1984 to 2005. The independent variables used in the models are: non-oil GDP, inflation, export share of GDP and import Share of GDP. Also, we have use

The main purpose of this study is to observe and consequently describe and provide a perspective on the meeting and interaction between the hospital clown and younger children, their parents and respectively older children, hospitalized for a limited period: How does the clown interact with the child and how does the child (and the parents) interact and engage with the clown? In addition, I have

The present study is a comparative analysis of the effects of the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) through the i2010 eGovernment Action Plan on two categories of EU member states: leaders and laggers, the latter of which has been divided into two categories. It examines the development of eGovernment within the categories mentioned above based on the EU‟s annual eGovernment benchmark reports. Fur

This study sets out to examine how different kinds of organisations work with sustainability issues. It compares one private and one public actor, which are regarded as forerunners in sustainability work, namely Tetra Pak and the municipality of Malmö. Interviews with informants within the organisations form the basis for the analysis. The study uses theories regarding differences between public a

The aim of this study is to further the understanding of why dual citizenship continues to reappear in Dutch debates while dual citizenship has remained rather uncontested in Sweden for the last decade. Differences in the in which terms dual citizenship is discussed and the way dual citizenship is perceived is put forward as a possible explanation for this difference between the countries. Using L

This thesis answers the question what causes the increased level of authority of international organizations in general and in the Council of the Baltic Sea States in particular. This is a qualitative research with wide angle view on the case study of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. The analysis of the case is done by relying mainly on primary sources, such as official documentation of the C

The paper analyzes the national judgment in the Laval case and argues that horizontal liability for damages is possible. Additionally, the paper shows that state liability is usually possible in the case of horizontal liability. It also touches upon the question of whether there are community rights to damages arising from the ECJ case law. At the same time, it argues that the state liability requ

Copyright has traditionally been considered as a right that has a social function. Thus, among the various justifications for its existence, it is the utilitarian or instrumentalist justification that has often been hoisted in order to assess how well it serves the needs of society. From its inception as a concept, copyright has been justified as a necessary evil that, to quote Macaulay, “ought no

Growing Russian oil export and an overall growing trade made the Baltic Sea one of the busiest shipping areas in the world, but the marine environment has suffered greatly from this development. Although not solely responsible for this unfortunate development, the International Maritime Organization has addressed this issue by designating the Baltic as a particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA) and

The “pay to be paid” Rule is a fundamental component of Protection & Indemnity (hereinafter referred to as “P&I”) insurance policies, which requires a Club Member to discharge his liabilities to the injured third party before he can be indemnified by the P&I Club. If the Club Member cannot compensate the third party as a result of insolvency, the third party is denied full satisfaction

Article 4 of the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR) defines signs of which a Community trade mark may consist in a very wide manner, expressly including the shape of goods or of their packaging. However, with regard to such shapes, the Regulation in its Article 7(1)(e) introduces a, in comparison with other signs, additional ground for refusal that has to be overcome when seeking registration.