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Globally, waste volumes are increasing rapidly and the World Bank estimates a 70% global increase in municipal solid waste until 2025. Waste may have serious environmental consequences and there is a strong correlation between solid waste generation rates and greenhouse gas emissions. These two observations alone indicate that this development is not sustainable. Recycling is one of the most impor
In 2017,for the first time, more than half of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) had access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). This expansion of ART has in part been achieved through decentralization of HIV care in resource-limited settings. There, many PLHIV now receive care at ART clinics integrated within the primary health care system. At these clinics, non-physician clinicians are responsible
In this paper we briefly discuss the current provisional temperature scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000) for low temperatures. Electronic thermometry is presented and discussed, focusing on its potential in verifying and realizing a future temperature scale. The discussion covers secondary thermometers such as NIS and SIS thermometers and noise, shot noise and Coulomb blockade primary thermometers. The last
The electromagnetic environment of a tunnel junction can influence significantly the tunneling characteristics. We investigate experimentally a particular environment formed by tunnel junctions and compare the results with a theoretical model. We discuss Single Junction Thermometer and a two junction Coulomb Blockade Thermometer as examples.
We describe the concept and experimental demonstration of primary thermometry based on a four-probe measurement of a single tunnel junction embedded within four arrays of junctions. We show that in this configuration random sample specific and environment-related errors can be avoided. This method relates temperature directly to Boltzmann constant, which will form the basis of the definition of te
The authors report a method to achieve Al-Al Ox -Al tunnel junctions with high specific resistance in a controlled manner using a double oxidation technique. The technique is based on the standard method for oxidation repeated on an additional Al layer. The tunnel junctions were characterized with standard methods, such as comparison of room temperature resistance with liquid helium resistance and
A design of sub-Kelvin single-flux quantum (SFQ) circuits with reduced power dissipation and additional cooling of shunt resistors has been developed and characterized. The authors demonstrate operation of SFQ comparators with current resolution of 40 nA at 2 GHz sampling rate. Due to improved cooling the electron temperature in shunt resistors of a SFQ comparator is below 50 mK when the bath temp
A model and experimental results of a new method for exposing bit arrays with electron beam lithography are presented. The method allows the reduction of the amount of pattern data by orders of magnitude. The method utilises two overlapped exposures. In the first exposure a 1-D array of parallel stripes is written and in the second exposure another 1-D array of parallel stripes orthogonal to the f
Many ships today rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), for their navigation, where GPS (Global Positioning System) is the most well-known. Unfortunately, the GNSS systems make the ships dependent on external systems, which can be malfunctioning, be jammed or be spoofed. There are today some proposed techniques where, e.g., bottom depth measurements are compared with known maps using
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that if left untreated may lead to the development of cirrhosis. Previous studies on AIH patients have suggested that fibrosis and even cirrhosis can be reversed by medical treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of medical treatment for protection of developing fibrosis and cirrhosis. A total of 258 liver biops
Background: There is accumulating evidence that digital breast tomosynthesis, referred to as 3D-mammography in this protocol, improves screen-detection measures compared to standard 2D-mammography in the context of population screening for breast cancer. However, the effect of 3D-mammography at follow-up of screened women is not yet known: it is unknown whether additional cancer detection from 3D-
Glatiramer acetate is used therapeutically in multiple sclerosis but also known for adverse effects including elevated coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. The mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular side effects of the medication are unclear. Here, we made use of the chromosomal variation in the genes that are known to be affected by glatiramer treatment. Focusing on genes and gene products repor
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging has become the gold standard for evaluating myocardial function, volumes, and scarring. Additionally, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is unique in its comprehensive tissue characterization, including assessment of myocardial edema, myocardial siderosis, myocardial perfusion, and diffuse myocardial fibrosis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imagi
