Presentation of Ag bound to MHC class II (MHC II) molecules to CD4+ T cells is a key event in adaptive immune responses. Genetic differences in MHC II expression in the rat CNS were recently positioned to allelic variability in the CIITA gene (Mhc2ta), located within the Vra4 locus on rat chromosome 10. In this study, we have examined reciprocal Vra4-congenic strains on the DA and PVGav1 backgroun

Numerous CNS diseases of primarily non-inflammatory origin, such as idiopathic neurodegenerative diseases, contain elements of inflammation, with T cell infiltration, MHC class II expression and neuron/axon damage. Gene mapping in human clinical materials have in most cases failed to unravel discrete genes, since most genes instrumental in non-Mendelian forms of these complex diseases are likely t

Axonal damage, a core feature of neurological diseases, induces a retrograde reaction in neurons and surrounding glia. We determined transcriptional profiles of this reaction using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. Gene expression was examined in spinal cord tissue prior to injury and following ventral root avulsion in two inbred rat strains, where the degree of neurodegeneration differs. Stringe

The Swedish legal scholar Tore Strömberg (1912-1993) is often characterized as the last true representative of the Uppsala school of legal thinking.

Roma and Travellers (”resande”) have been present in Sweden for centuries. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, rural municipalities (kommuner) often adopted policies aimed to expel them from or to prevent them from entering the municipality. This is well established by previous research. What is less known is that another kind of territorial exclusion existed as well: that of collective violence

In the era of Internet of Things, software systems need to interact with many physical entities and cope with new requirements at runtime. Self-Adaptive systems aim to tackle those challenges, often representing their context with a runtime model enabling better reasoning capabilities. However, those models quickly grow in size and need to be updated frequently with small changes due to a high num

Inflammation and neurodegeneration characterize multiple sclerosis, as well as many other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate these processes is of fundamental importance for the development of new therapies. Nerve lesions paradigms in animals can serve as important tools to dissect central features of human CNS disease and by usi

Neurodegeneration and inflammation are fundamental aspects of many neurological diseases. A genome-wide scan of the response to ventral root avulsion (VRA) in a rat F2 cross discloses specific gene regions that regulate these processes. Two gene loci displayed linkage to neurodegeneration and T cell infiltration, respectively, and a single locus displayed extreme linkage to VRA-induced major histo

In this paper, we examine the causal impact of enforceable covenants not to compete (CNCs) on labor market matching and the technological dynamism of regions. Exploiting the fact that the Michigan Antitrust Reform Act (MARA) of 1985 inadvertently repealed Michigan' s prohibition on CNC enforcement, we show that technical professionals in Michigan became increasingly likely to switch industry relat

The concept of a bioeconomy can be understood as an economy where the basic building blocks for materials, chemicals, and energy are derived from renewable biological resources. Biorefineries are considered an integral part of the development toward a future sustainable bioeconomy. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize current knowledge about how biorefinery technologies are being

Recently, there has been a growing research interest in the co-gasification of biomass with coal to produce syngas and electricity in a sustainable manner. Co-gasification technology do not only decrease potentially the exploitation of a significant amount of conventional coal resources, and thus lower greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, but also boost the overall gasification process efficiency. In

A research-based understanding of permafrost distribution at a sufficient spatial resolution is important to meet the demands of science, education and society. We present a new permafrost map for Norway, Sweden and Finland that provides a more detailed and updated description of permafrost distribution in this area than previously available. We implemented the CryoGRID1 model at 1km2 resolution,

An updated analysis regarding the expected nuclear PDF constraints from the future Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) experiment is presented. The new study is based on a more flexible small-x parametrization which provides less biased uncertainty estimates in the region where there are currently no data constraints. The effect of the LHeC is quantified by directly including a sample of pseudod

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more complete understanding of logistics preparedness. By comparing extant research in preparedness and logistics with findings from empirical analysis of secondary data, the authors develop a definition of and framework for logistics preparedness, along with suggestions for future research agenda. Design/methodology/approach: The authors li

Poly-3-d-hydroxybutyrate (or PHB) is a polyester which can be used in the production of biodegradable plastics from renewable resources. It is naturally produced by several bacteria as a response to nutrient starvation in the excess of a carbon source. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be an alternative production host as it offers good inhibitor tolerance towards weak acids and phenolic co

We have developed a method based on isothermal calorimetry to monitor the colonization of wood materials by decay fungi. The heat produced is a direct and continuous measure of the activity (respiration) of the fungus. This pre-study shows that wood materials treated in different ways give results that reflect the known ranking of the materials regarding resistance to decay. In addition to this, t

Numerous mafic dykes, sills and intrusions with ages between 1985 Ma and 1960 Ma are exposed near the Onega Lake in southern Karelia, Russia. The paleomagnetic analysis of these rocks has revealed a stable remanence with directions belonging to two groups. The directions of the first group characterize ten intrusions including the dated 1970 ± 3 Ma Unoi sill and 1976 ± 9 Ma Suna River Canyon doler