Gluconobacter oxydans (ATCC 621) were permeabilized with toluene and then lyophilized. This crude enzyme preparation was used to reduce eleven ketones to (S)-alcohols with high enantiomeric excess (for most alcohols 93%-99% e.e.). The coenzyme NADH was regenerated either by adding a second enzyme, formate dehydrogenase, and its substrate, formate, or with 2-butanol as a second substrate for the G.

Six strains of acetic acid bacteria were evaluated with respect to their capability to catalyze the stereoselective reduction of ketones. The cells were permeabilized before the bioconversions. The best strains were Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 50049 and Acetobacter aceti DSM 2002. Using either of these two strains it was possible to reduce all 12 ketones to (S)-alcohols with an enantiomeric excess o

α‐Chymotrypsin was adsorbed on solid support materials and the catalytic activity of the preparations in organic solvents was studied. The activity was highly dependent on the nature of the support material and on the amount of water present in the reaction mixture. There appears to be competition for the water in the system between the enzyme, the support material and the solvent. The support mat

Oxygen supply is a critical point in technical processes when aerobic cells are used in immobilized preparations. This report concerns the use of hemoglobin or emulsions of perfluorochemicals (completely fluorinated organic compounds) to carry oxygen to immobilized cells. Both methods work well and do not seem to harm the cells. The perfluorochemical method of improving oxygen supply showed a high

The stability of biocatalysis in systems containing organic solvents is reviewed. Among the examples presented are homogeneous mixtures of water and water-miscible organic solvents, aqueous/organic two-phase systems, solid biocatalysts suspended in organic solvents, enzymes in reverse micelles and modified enzymes soluble in water immiscible solvents. The stability of biocatalysts in organic solve

Significantresearch efforts are currently directed towards the synthesis and studies of durable anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with the aim to develop alkaline fuel cells and electrolyzers able to operate efficiently without platinum-groupmetal catalysts [1]. The grand challenge is to identify and synthesize polymeric AEM materials possessingthe necessary chemical and thermal stability. Studies o

Objective: To find out what factors influence the outcome of operations for ischaemic bowel disease. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University hospital, Sweden. Main outcome measures: Morbidity and mortality. Subjects: 74 patients, mean age 75 years (range 40-98), operated on for acute bowel ischaemia between 1987 and 1996. Results: A total of 75 emergency operations were done, including 42

Objective: To validate a 7-day estimated dietary record routine with standardized portion sizes and household measuring in a clinical setting with the doubly labelled water (DLW) method as the reference method. Design: Energy expenditure was measured with deuterium (2H) and oxygen-18 (18O), and water loss was estimated by 2H dilution as part of the DLW measurements. Energy and water intake was mea

Two patients (one with glaucoma with field loss, one with ocular hypertension) with previously known optic disc haemorrhage were followed with frequent disc photography, computerized perimetry and tonometry for a period of one year. Nine haemorrhages were seen in three of the four eyes studied. Three bleedings showed sudden enlargements, interpreted as re-bleedings, during the absorption phase. Ha

The present article discusses the role of computerized perimetry in the management of patients with suspect and manifest glaucoma. The value of visual field examination is compared to that of inspection and photography of the optic disc and to some extent to retinal nerve fibre layer photography. Computerized perimetry is related to standard manual visual field examination. Guidelines are offered