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Fundamental Limitations for DOA Estimation by a Sphere

In this paper we consider fundamental limitations for DOA estimation with arbitrary lossless antennas or antenna arrays inserted inside a sphere. Spherical vector modes and their associated equivalent circuits and Q factor approximations are employed as a general framework for the analysis. The classical broadband matching theory by Fano is extended to a general multiport S–parameter model of the

Beamforming Transmitter IC at 8-GHz in 130-nm CMOS

An 8-GHz beamforming transmitter IC has been designed in a 130-nm CMOS process. Two power amplifiers with independently controllable phase enable the beamforming. The phases are digitally controllable over the full 360◦ range, which is accomplished by binary weighting of quadrature phase signals in the power amplifiers. The quadrature phase signals are generated by a quadrature voltage controlled