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Simmons (1990) has introduced an extended authentication model where caution is taken both against deceptions from an outsider (opponent) and against some forms of deception from the insiders (transmitter and receiver). Codes for this model are called authentication codes with arbitration, or simply A2 codes. A new construction of authentication codes with arbitration is proposed, which uses codes
Case endings are an important marker of fuṣḥā but are by most native speakers considered complicated and difficult. They typically appear only sporadically even in the most formal speech styles. There has been relatively little academic interest in the use of case endings in speech. Research has been characterized by largely impressionistic accounts (Badawi 1973, Meiseles 1977) and more recently b
In B tailbiting trellis encoder, the starting state of the encoder is set to the state at which the machine will be at the end of the encoded frame. By this means the probability of decoding error at the end of the frame can be kept low without the addition of termination bits and the consequent rate loss. We report on an extensive search for short and moderatelength convoluticinal encoders for ta
Carbon dioxide could replace nitrogen gas as stripping gas for the production of H2 by the extreme thermophile, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, provided that the pH is kept below 7.0. Above this pH, ≥77 mM sodium bicarbonate will be introduced as an extra salt burden to the culture. High concentrations of sugars and salts contribute each to the inhibition of growth and H2 production, which i
During the last decades, there has been continuous development of nationwide quality registries to assess healthcare and to do research in Sweden. An important background motive is the demographic transition resulting from an increasingly ageing population as one of the most important challenges of our time and a growing concern in many European countries and elsewhere. One condition for meeting t
