Agricultural residues, such as wheat straw, are feasible substrates for ethanol fermentation provided that pentoses and hexoses can be converted efficiently. Separate hydrolysis and cofermentation (SHCF) constitute a framework for improvement of conversion efficiency, because it permits independent optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and cofermentation steps. A drawback is that the high gluco

Although genotype-by-environment interaction has long been used to unveil the genetic variation that affects Darwinian fitness, the mechanisms underlying the interaction usually remain unknown. Genetic variation at the dimeric glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase (Pgi) has been observed to interact with temperature to explain the variation in the individual performance of the butterfly Melitaea

Successful optimization of a given lead scaffold requires thorough binding-site mapping of the target protein particular in regions remote from the catalytic center where high conservation across protein families is given. We screened a 361-entry fragment library for binding to the aspartic protease endothiapepsin by crystallography. This enzyme is frequently used as surrogate for the design of re

Crystallographic screening of the binding of small organic compounds (termed fragments) to proteins is increasingly important for medicinal chemistry-oriented drug discovery. To enable such experiments in a widespread manner, an affordable 96-compound library has been assembled for fragment screening in both academia and industry. The library is selected from already existing protein-ligand struct

Protein-lipid complexes have broad and specific effects against cancers of different origins. HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made LEthal to Tumor cells) is a complex of partially unfolded α-lactalbumin and oleic acid that kills a wide range of tumor cells but leaves healthy differentiated cells unaffected. Therapeutic efficacy of HAMLET has been demonstrated in several animal models, without appa

This thesis analyses how the capital structures of financial and non-financial firms affect each other and how shocks in the financial sector affect investments in non-financial firms. The thesis consists of three self-contained essays.The first essay provides new evidence on the capital structure determinants of non-financial firms and contributes to the discussion concerning the effect of a regu

We propose an end-to-end approach to describe the energy usage of video delivery within a content delivery framework, and use this to investigate the energy usage behavior of two popular coding schemes, namely, H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC. Our study based on the proposed model is backed up by measurements of encoding and decoding energy usage of a sample video and shows that, from an end-to-end persp

This joint report includes the five legal national reports on the taxation of partnership in the Nordic countries. The general contents of these reports are summarized and thoroughly analyzed in Liselotte Madsen’s General report, published in this issue of the NTaxJ. For additional information, details on legislative measures etc. we find it important, however, to also publish the national reports

A common experimental problem with rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is undesired spectral interference that is due to stray light from the primary laser beams. Also, for the most developed approach, dual-broadband rotational CARS, practical measurements often suffer from stray light interference from the narrow-band laser, inasmuch as the CARS signal is produced inherently

Strategies for spatially resolved soot volume-fraction measurements have been investigated in sooting laboratory flames with known soot characteristics. Two techniques were compared: Laser-Induced Fluorescence in C2 from Laser-Vaporized Soot (LIF(C2)LVS), and Laser-Induced Incandescence of soot (LII). The LII signal is the increased temperature radiation from soot particles which have been heated

Laser diagnostic techniques have during the last decade been successfully applied for diagnostics of combustion processes. The main advantages with these techniques are that they are inherently non-intrusive and that spatially as well as temporally resolved information can be achieved. The current paper will exemplify two different laser spectroscopic techniques. Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF),

Swan band emission of C2. which had been produced and excited (d3∏x←a 3∏u, Δ v = 0) by focused, tunable, visible laser radiation, was studied in sooting ethylene flames. The C2signal from the sooting regions of the flames was found to be proportional to the measured volume fractions of soot, indicating laser-vaporized soot to be the source of the signal, and as such it can be used as a diagnostic

Background: On-going climate change is predicted to result in a growing number of extreme weather events - such as heat waves - throughout Europe. The effect of high temperatures and heat waves are already having an important impact on public health in terms of increased mortality, but studies from an Estonian setting are almost entirely missing. We investigated mortality in relation to high summe

Background: Maintaining and improving the quality of prosthetics and orthotics education at the Tanzania Training Centre for Orthopaedic Technologists is essential for the provision of appropriate prosthetics and orthotics services in African countries.Objectives: To describe how Tanzanian and Malawian graduates’ of the Diploma in Orthopaedic Technology perceive their education and how it could be

Background: Little is known about the social and political factors that influence priority setting for different health services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet these factors are integral to understanding how national health agendas are established. We investigated factors that facilitate or prevent surgical care from being prioritized in LMICs. Methods and Findings: We undertook

Objective: Generic substitution has contributed to economic savings but switching products may affect patient adherence, particularly among those using multiple medications. The aim was to analyse if use of multiple medications influenced the association between switching products and refill adherence to angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in Sweden. Study Design and Setting: New users