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Motor neurons to the slowly contracting extensor soleus muscle in behaving rats begin to fire tonically in the 2nd week after birth. In the adult, tonic firing becomes predominant and appears to arise from plateau potentials under monoaminergic control. In the present work, motor neurons to slowly contracting extensor soleus and rapidly contracting extensor digitorum longus, a physiological flexor
In order to study the early cellular response in the fluid phase found close to implants in soft tissues, an experimental method using a hollow implant was developed. The fluid present in an interior chamber communicating with the exterior of the implant was analysed. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNGs) were predominant during the study (1-9 days). In titanium implants a slight increase in cell
Previous work has shown that amylose (AM) can cross-link hydrophobically modified polymers by inclusion complexation, whereby thermoreversible cold-setting gels are formed. In this work, the competition between AM and cyclodextrin (CD) for the formation of inclusion complexes with hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HMHEC) is investigated. A detailed study of viscosity, NMR self-diffu
This article examines the role of third parties in asymmetric conflicts and international peacekeeping in theory and practice. Various theoretical conceptualisations of peacekeeping are critically discussed and linked to conflict and negotiation theory. It argues that peacekeeping is a broad, transformative and context-dependent notion, highlighted by alterable meanings of impartiality, use of for
Recent advances in the synthesis of biomimetic asym. dinuclear transition metal complexes are reviewed. Emphasis is put on description of asym. model complexes for the active sites of the enzymes purple acid phosphatase, zinc phosphotriesterase, urease, Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase.
Monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA), and certain milk proteins, especially whey protein (WP), have insulinotropic effects and can reduce postprandial glycemia. This effect may involve the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). To explore this, we examined the release and inactivation of GIP and GLP-1 after administ
Deletion rates are thought to be important factors in determining the genome size of organisms in nature. Although it is indisputable that deletions, and thus deletion rates, affect genome size, it is unclear how, or indeed if, genome size is regulated via the deletion rate. Here, we employ a mathematical model to determine the evolutionary fate of deletion rate mutants. Simulations are employed t
Thirty-two different basidiomycete isolates were inoculated separately into contaminated soil and the soil colonization ability was assessed visually. Large differences in the colonization ability and growth patterns were found between the different fungi. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were extracted from the soils of the seven isolates with the best colonizing ability. All PLFAs that were not
Evidence from wildlife and human populations indicates that conditions during early development can have marked effects on the subsequent performance of individuals and cohorts. Likewise, the effects of maternal and, more generally, parental environments can be transferred among individuals between generations. These delayed life-history effects are found consistently and suggestions have been mad
Biosurfactants have been suggested as a method to control harmful algal blooms (HABs), but warrant further and more in-depth investigation. Here we have investigated the algicidal effect of a biosurfactant produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa on five diverse marine and freshwater HAB species that have not been tested previously. These include Alexandrium minutum (Dinophycaee), Karenia
The aim of this work was to assess whether or not oxidative stress had developed in a dwarf shrub bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) under long-term exposure to enhanced levels of ultraviolet-B (u.v.-B) radiation. The bilberry plants were exposed to increased u.v.-B representing a 15 stratospheric ozone depletion for seven full growing seasons (19911997) at Abisko, Swedish Lapland (68N). The oxidat
It has traditionally been believed that only the human collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase-1, -8, and -13) are capable of initiating the degradation of collagens. Here, we show that human trypsin-2 is also capable of cleaving the triple helix of human cartilage collagen type II. We purified human trypsin-2 and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor by affinity chromatography whereas collagen type I
Compared to the successful probing of genetic causes of monogenic disorders, dissecting the genetics of complex polygenic diseases has until recently been a fairly slow and cumbersome process. With the introduction of whole genome wide association studies (WGAS) the situation dramatically changed in 2007. The results from several recent WGAS on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity have identified at
At least one of ten patients with ovarian cancer is estimated to develop their tumor because of heredity with the breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) being the major genetic causes. Cancer at young age is a hallmark of heredity, and ovarian cancers associated with HNPCC have been demonstrated to deve
Abstract in Undetermined Incentive alignment, and risk & gain sharing, are argued to be key factors for successful implementation of supply chain management. Incentive-related issues can be improved by contract-based, information-based, and trust-based solutions. The focus of this article is on contract mechanisms used in the context of high demand volatility, supply allocation and outsourced
In this note we give a complete classification of those holomorphic maps phgr:UrarrCopf n defined on open and connected subsets of Copf m which are harmonic morphisms.
