A protocol for the diastereoselective synthesis of C-1 indol-3-yl substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives via Pictet-Spengler condensation with L-DOPA or L-DOPA derivatives and 1H-indole-3-carbaldehydes is presented. The protocol is used for the successful synthesis of several tetrahydroisoquinolines as well as diketopiperazine fused analogues. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Camassa-Holm (CH) and Hunter-Saxton (HS) equations have an interpretation as geodesic flow equations on the group of diffeomorphisms, preserving the H-1 and. H-1 right-invariant metrics correspondingly. There is an analogy to the Euler equations in hydrodynamics, which describe geodesic flow for a right-invariant metric on the infinite-dimensional group of diffeomorphisms preserving the volume

Moraxella catarrhalis is a common pathogen found in children with upper respiratory tract infections, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during exacerbations. The bacterial species is often isolated together with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are released by M. catarrhalis and contain phospholipids, adhesins, and immunomo

This paper presents a decomposition strategy applicable to DAE constrained optimization problems. A common solution method for such problems is to apply a direct transcription method and solve the re- sulting nonlinear program using an interior-point algorithm. For this approach, the time to solve the linearized KKT system at each iteration typically dominates the total solution time. In our propo

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is used to search for the decay of a scalar boson to a pair of long-lived particles, neutral under the Standard Model gauge group, in 20.3 fb(-1) of data collected in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV. This search is sensitive to long-lived particles that decay to Standard Model particles producing jets at the outer edge of the ATLAS

Serious fouling and slagging problems are associated with the combustion of Chinese Zhun-Dong coal due to its high content of sodium (Na). Understanding the release characteristic of Na during the combustion is essential to viable utilization of this coal. In this work, coal samples were treated with a sequence of solvents: water (H2O), ammonium acetate (NH4Ac), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the re

Background. There are large geographic differences in breast cancer risk but whether survival differs between low- and high-risk groups is less well-established. As the survival of cancer depends on the level of healthcare and awareness of disease risks, subtle differences in cancer biology cannot be revealed in international comparisons. Instead, comparison of diverse immigrant groups in a countr

This is an introduction to the following essays on collective political action in Sweden and Denmark since 1800. The influence from E P Thompson and Charles Tilly on the historiography is stressed and a remarkable increase in interest in popular protest is noted, especially in Sweden.

Anisotropic interactions in colloidal suspensions have recently emerged as a route for the design of new soft materials. Nonisotropic particles can form nematic, smectic, hexatic, and columnar liquid crystals. Although the formation of these phases is well rationalized when excluded volume is solely at play, the role of electrostatic interactions still remains unclear and even less so when particl

Methylamine adsorption on the ordered Ni3Al(111) and NiAl(110) surfaces has been investigated by high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Methylamine adsorbs molecularly at both surfaces at low temperature (90 K). The experiments show that methylamine interacts with the surface aluminium atoms on both surfaces, resulting in a positive binding energy sh

Abstract in French Cette étude vise à mettre en lumière l’acquisition de la liaison préverbale en tant qu’accord sujet-verbe en nombre en français langue étrangère (FLE). Le but principal de l’étude est d’examiner le développement de ce trait morpho-phonologique et d’évaluer l’impact de la fréquence du verbe pour l’emploi de la liaison préverbale en FLE. Nous présentons une étude transversale où 4

Occupational therapists working with clients in productive occupations explicitly or implicitly assess their clients' occupational engagement.

In 2000, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) ratified the decision from the International Working Group on the Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary (COBWG) to place the Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Ordovician System in the Green Point section, Newfoundland, Canada, at a point coinciding with the first appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus flu

Despite the ever-growing literature on various aspects of the Kurdish question in Turkey, there are practically no normative discussions of Kurdish demands for the public recognition of their identities. This is all the more startling given the ascendancy of philosophical accounts in the literature on minority rights. This article will try to redress the balance by proposing a normative framework

The Bologna process is a voluntary joint venture among 46 European countries, which has as its objective the creation of a European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by 2010. The EHEA will cover all of Europe including European Union newcomers Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Its aim is to allow for degrees and qualifications awarded in one country to be understood and recognized in

Environmental conditions, dispersal lags, and interactions among species are major factors structuring communities through time and across space. Ecologists have emphasized the importance of biotic interactions in determining local patterns of species association. In contrast, abiotic limits, dispersal limitation, and historical factors have commonly been invoked to explain community structure pat